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The Sorority Handbook 



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By IDA SHAW MARTIN, A. B. 



BOSTON 
Massachusetts 
1907 



USRARY of CONGRESS 
Two Copies Rscelvec! 

APR 5 1907 

i A Copyright Entry 

^lASS A aXc, No, 
^ ll±3 (^ <P. i 

■ 1 II— I ■ iM— Maaaaaaa 






v1 



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Copyrighted 

1905 
By Ida Shaw Martin. 



Preface. 

This brochure is sent out in the hope that it may fill a 
need that has been expressed by many sorority women. The 
present edition would have been an impossibility without 
hearty cooperation on the part of the sororities. Special 
thanks aie due the grand presidents and the grand secreta- 
ries, who have spared neither time nor pains to furnish the 
desired information, and to the editors of the different maga- 
zines, who have generously supplied copies on request. 

The illustrations of the badges are **life size*' and were 
made from photographs authorized by the grand officers or 
the conventions, a privilege never before accorded to any- 
one. The pins of Pi Beta Phi, Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa 
Kappa Gamma, Delta Gamma, Alpha Phi, Gamma Phi 
Beta, Sigma Kappa, Alpha Chi Omega and Alpha Omicron 
Pi were furnished by J. F. Newman of New York, those of 
Delta Delta Delta and Alpha Xi Delta by Wilbur, lyanphear 
Company of Galesburg, Illinois, those of Chi Omega and 
Sigma Sigma Sigma by Wright, Kay & Company of Detroit 
and those of Kappa Delta and Zeta Tau Alpha by A. H. 
Petting of Baltimore. 

The writer desires to acknowledge her great indebted- 
ness for special favors to Wm. T. Harris, Ph, D., I^I^. D., 



IV PRKFACE 

late United States Commissioner cf Education, George H. 
Martin, A, M., Litt. D., Secretary Massachusetts State 
Board of Education, Robert B. Fulton, M. A., LL. D., ex- 
Chancellor of the University of Mississippi, Rev. Charles F. 
Thwing, 1,1,. D. President of Western Resarv^e University, 
Rev. A. C. MacK-nzie, LI^. D., President of Klmira College, 
Rev. Oscar M. Voorhees, Secretary of Phi Beta Kappa, Miss 
Aurelie M. Reynaud and Miss Mary W. Lippincott of Kappa 
Alpha Theta, Miss Cleora Clark Wheeler of Kappa Kappa 
Gamma, vvho rendered invaluable assistance in securing 
records of the first Pan-Hellenic and the Congress of Fratern- 
ities, and Mrs. Egbert Nelson Parmelee of Delta Delta 
Delta, who furnished copies of all the earlier Inter-Sorority 
Conference Reports. 

The statistical information concerning the colleges is in 
almost every instance two years in advance of the Govern- 
ment Reports and was furnished by the college registrars. In 
the case of the coeducational institutions, and with one ex- 
ception in the case of the coordinate colleges, only those 
having branches of the sororities have been included. The 
data have been given concerning all independent colleges of 
the A class and concerning all affiliated colleges as being 
matter of universal interest. With very few exceptions the 
lists comprise all the prominent colleges open to women. 
No attempt has been made to give data concerning female 
institutions, private schools for girls, or colleges that are 
ranked B by the United States Commissioner of Education, 
even when such appear on the rolls of sororities mentioned 



PRKFACK V 

in this book. 

Except in the case of Greek- Letter Societies at sucli 
colleges as are closed to the national scrorities, no mention 
is made of local organizations. Most of the latter have peti- 
tions before the sororities. In classifying the well-known 
sororities, the author has divided them into three groups, 
literary, musical and medical. In Class A of the literary 
sororities have been included all those with chapters in co- 
educational colleges. Class B includes five societies which 
meet the typically Southern sororities at various places, but 
which are confined to schools or colleges for girls. Some 
of the institutions on their rolls grant the A. B. degree, but 
few do work beyond the sophomore year of the average col- 
lege of the North. 

It is hardly to be expected that such an issue as this 
can be sent out entirely free from errors or omissions, for 
sororities make history rapidly. A conscientious attempt, 
however, has been made to have everything accurate and 
up-to-date at the time of publication. One error is quite 
unavoidable. The writer had intended to send her manu- 
script to press a year sooner, but was hindered by serious 
illness. The pins were photographed, therefore, several 
months before Delta Gamma made an oflScial announcement 
of the sorority's intention to accept January 2, 1874, es its 
date of founding. A new plate could not be made without 
great delay, expense and labor, such as would be incom- 
mensurate with the insignificance of the error, which is 
simply a misplacement of pins, the anchor belonging in 



vi PRKFACK 

fifth place. The 1906 Convention of iVlpha Phi, held in 
November, 1906, decided to use in the future only such 
badges as have the Phi upright instead of inverted as has 
been the custom for many years, and bearing in black 
enamel three small letters, the meaning of which is fcr the 
initiated only. 

Any one noting an error will confer a great favor upon 
the author by calling attention to it. Since going to press 
Alpha Phi has entered Toronto and Alpha Chi Omega 
Syracuse. Suggestions, too, will be gladly received and will 
be embodied in the next edition which will be brought out 
just as soon as the demand is sufl&cient to warrant its issue. 

Ida Shaw Martin 

(Mrs. Wm. Holmes Martin) 

**Iveagh Park'\ 

Bay State Road, 

Canton, Massachusetts. 
March i, 1907. 



Chapter 1. 
The Higher Education of Women. 

To the popular mind the higher education of women is 
synonymous with a college education. Strictly speaking 
the term covers a wider field and includes professional train- 
ing as well as collegiate. The college girl is probably quite 
familiar with the four types of institutions al which the 
alumnae of secondary schools may continue their education, 
viz., the coeducational college, the independent college, the 
affiliated college and the coordinate college. 

Coeducation is the popular and prevailing system of 
college education in the United States. About seventy per 
cent of the five hundred colleges in the country are coedu- 
cational, while there are only twelve independent colleges of 
the first rank, five afl&liated colleges and about the same 
number of coordinate colleges. To understand the reasons 
for this characteristic feature as a well-defined policy in our 
system of education, we must turn back the pages of our 
country's history. 

The close of the Revolution found the American States 
independent but not united. The country was without a 
head and Congress without power. There was distress and 
discontent on all sides, for business was at a standstill and 
the country was in danger of dropping to pieces. A fortu- 
nate circumstance at this critical period was the common hi- 



2 The Higher Education. 

terest that seven of the thirteen states had in the Great 
Northwest Territory. The people were buoyed up by the 
hope that these states would release their claims and by 
transferring their interests to the national government would 
furnish Congress with the means to pay off the war debt. 
This generosity was of far-reaching significance in its influ- 
ence upon education in the Western States. The thiiteen 
original colonies had copied closely the educational systems 
of the Old vVorld, particularly those of England. The great 
Northwest Territory was sparsely settled and education was 
at best embryonic. An ordinance passed in 1787 by the 
Continertal Congress provided for the government of this 
vast section and specified that there should be a reservation 
in every township for the maintenance of public s:hools. 
This was later interpreted as providing also for the reserva- 
tion of lands for university endowment. In this way the 
future of the state university was assured. At the time this 
ordinance was passed, however, there was no thought in the 
minds of the legislators that a strong impulse was given to 
the higher education of women. The daughters of colonial 
homes were busy with baking and brewing, with spinning 
and weaving, with the manifold household duties for which 
no labor saving devices had yet been invented. Even the 
daughters of the well-to-do had little time or interest for any 
education save such superficial knowledge as might be ac- 
quired at the fashionable finishing school. 

The half century following the Revolution was note- 
worthy for the establishment of district schools and acad- 



The Higher Education. 3 

emies, and for the awakening of new ideas concerning the 
education of girls. The year 1830, when the first locomo- 
tive was built, is an epoch-marking date in the history of 
the United States and no less so in the history of the higher 
education for women. The building of railroads and the 
consequent grow^th of cities was followed by a great revival 
in educational interests, resulting in state supervision and 
the opening of high and normal schools for girls. The years 
immediately following witnessed the transfer of many in- 
dustries from the home to the factory and deprived women 
of their usual occupations, leaving them a large measure of 
leisure. 

It is not to conservative New England, so lavish with 
her gifts to her sons, but to pioneer Ohio that we must look 
for the beginning of college education for women. Oberlin 
College, opened in 1833 as the Oberlin Collegiate Institute, 
but not chartered as a college until 1850, was the first insti- 
tution to offer advanced courses to w^omen as well as men. 
In 1836 Mary Lyon secured a charter from the Massachu- 
setts Legislature for Mount Holyoke Seminary, which 
though it did not pretend to offer collegiate courses yet stood 
firm for serious work and high standards. In 1853 Antioch 
College in Ohio was opened under the presidency of Horace 
Mann and admitted men and women on equal terms. Rlmi- 
ra College established in 1855 by the Presbyterian Synod, 
was the first woman's college to receive a charter from any 
state. The state universities of Utah and Iowa, opened re- 
spectively in 1850 and 1856, admitted women from the first. 



4 Thk Highkr Education. 

A few institutions under religious control in the Middle 
West, bearing the name of college, but doing work little 
higher than the first class secondary schools of the present 
time, were induced to admit women as the result of these 
experiments. Except, however, in the districts where the 
influence of these pioneer schools was felt, little marked pro- 
gress was made. Women were still the slaves of tradition. 
Strangely enough it is to the Civil War that we must 
look for the complete emancipation of women in matters 
educational. The continuous fighting during the four years 
of the war and the consequent drafts upon the Nothern 
states for soldiers drained this section of its men and result- 
ed in women entering the secondary schools as teachers. 
This arrangement, at first considered only temporary proved 
to be permanent, and thinking men soon realized that the 
much debated question of higher education for women had 
become a matter of expediency. In this time of immediate 
need what was more natural than that the people should de- 
mand that existing colleges hitherto sacred to men should 
open their doors to women? The well-endowed universities 
made a strong stand against what they considered an in- 
trusion. They claimed that they did this from a sense of 
duty to the past, to the founders and givers of endowments. 
The state universities, however, coul_d make no such plea. 
Their endowments came from state or federal government 
without restriction as to sex, and the people failed to see the 
need of establishing separate colleges for women when the 
state universities were already in existence. Before long 



The Higher Education. 5 

these doors, willingly or unwillingty, swung open to maid 
as well as man, — Kansas and Minnesota in 1866, Indiana in 
1868, Missouri, Michigan, Illinois and California in 1870, 
Nebraska in 1871, Ohio in 1873, Wisconsin in 1874. The 
opening of the University of Michigan to women was in 
direct opposition to the wishes of the faculty upon demand 
from the state legislature and is interesting as showing the 
sentiment of the people. All state universities organized 
since 1871 have admitted women from the first. 

Conditions in the states along the Atlantic seaboard 
were very different. There were no state universities and 
the famous colleges already established refused to admit 
women. Certain concessions to be sure have been made 
after prolonged agitation, as in the case of Radcliffe, opened 
as Harvard Annex in 1879, incorporated as a college for 
women in 1894 and granting its own degrees, where the in- 
struction is given by members of the Harvard faculty and 
the diplomas countersigned by the President of Harvard 
University as a guarantee that the degrees are equivalent to 
the corresponding degrees given by the university; again in 
the case of Barnard, opened in 1889 and incorporated in 1900 
as an undergraduate woman's college of Columbia Universi- 
ty, where the instruction is given entirely by professors ap- 
pointed by Columbia University trustees and assigned to 
service in Barnard, where the A. B. degree is granted by the 
university and women who have taken their first degree are 
admitted to the university on the same terms as men, and 
lastly, in the case of the Woman's College of Brown Uni- 



6 The Higher Education. 

versity, established as a regular department in 1897, though 
women were admitted informally as early as 1892. These 
concessions grudgingly given turned many promising young 
women, who resented this attitude of what they considered 
selfish monopoly, to the independent colleges for women and 
resulted in the marked and vigorous growth of these institu- 
tions in the East. Of these there are ten, Elmira, Vassar, 
Wells, Wellesley and Smith, chartered within the third 
quarter of the nineteenth century, the last four within a 
period of ten years, and Bryn Mawr, Mount Holyoke, 
Woman's College of Baltimore, Randolph-Macon Woman's 
College and Trinity, established within the last twenty years. 
Rockford College in Illinois, opened as a seminary in 1849, 
chartered as a college in 1892, and still retaining a prepara- 
tory department, and Mills College in California, opened as 
a seminary in 1871, chartered as a college in 1885, and still 
countenancing a grammar school and a seminary, are exam- 
ples of the only independent colleges for women in the vast 
section devoted to coeducation and by their smallness bear 
eloquent testimony to the popular demand for coeducation ^ 
Newcomb College at New Orleans, opened in 1886 and 
affiliated with Tulane University, but entirely distinct as re- 
gards its location and faculty, is an example of the old-time 
Southern prejudice. The abandonment of coeducation at 
Western Reserve University in 1888 after a trial of sixteen 
years, and the establishment of a coordinate college for 
women under the university charter resulted from a decision 
of the trustees to call the college back to its original pur- 



The Highkr Education, 7 

pose, to educate men only, a decision which seemed the wis- 
est solution of the difficulties growing out of an attempt to 
engraft coeducation upon an institution modelled after New 
England ideas. The decision of the trustees of Wesleyaii 
University to limit the number of women admitted in any 
one year to twenty per cent of the whole number of students 
enrolled in the preceding year is another instance of the 
futility of the attempt to introduce coeducation into a New^ 
England college. The segregation policy of Chicago Uni- 
versity, adopted by the trustees in October, 1902, whereb^r 
separate instruction is provided as far as possible for men 
and women during the freshmen and sophomore years was 
explained by President Harper as due in a large measure to 
the proximity of the university to a great metropolis and 
the increasing enrolment of young women students. The 
decision of the trustees of Leland Stanford, Jr., University 
to limit the number of women students to five hundred at 
any time is, according to President Jordan, in harmony with 
the founder's purpose. 

The aim of the trustees of Middlebury College in estab- 
lishing a coordinate institution in 1903 after twenty years of 
coeducation and the complete separation of the two in the 
required work of the first two years is said to be due to a de- 
sire to make suitable and adequate provision for the culture 
and intellectual training of young women, to enable them to 
enjoy a more distinct social life while in college and to pro- 
vide for them an independent system of honors and prizes. 
The College for Women opened at Bucknell University in 



8 The Higher Education. 

1905, though at present only a hall of residence, since ver}^ 
little instruction is given separately, is nevertheless the be- 
ginning of a definite plan for separation. The system of 
coordination in vogue at Colby for the past ten years and 
the very recent decision of the trustees to introduce separa- 
tion in chapel exercises and to establish, as soon as funds 
will warrant, an affiliated college for women seems to be the 
accepted solution of the vexatious problem of providing col- 
legiate instruction for women in connection with well-estab- 
lished colleges for men along the Atlantic seaboard. 



ThK EVOI.UTION OF THE SORORITY SySTKM. 



Chapter II. 
The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

The year 1776, remarkable in the annals of history a$ 
witnessing the beginning of a mighty nation through the 
union of thirteen colonies, — a union that was to stand preem- 
inently for the brotherhood of man, saw also the foundations 
laid for another union, another brotherhood, that, like its 
prototype, was destined to grow into a mighty power. On 
the fifth of December, the Phi Beta Kappa Society was 
founded at William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Va. 
This was the first of the secret Greek- I^etter Societies and 
therefore the parent of the modern fraternity system, which 
has become so large a factor in the college life of the United 
States. 

The originators of Phi Beta Kappa made early provision 
for charter grants to other colleges, yet nearly half a century 
passed before its roll numbered five chapters and before an- 
other Greek- Letter society was founded. Colleges were few 
and scattered, the country in the throes of a great war. The 
colleges established prior to the Revolution were but nine in 
number, Harvard (1636), William and Mary (1693), Yale 
(1701), Princeton (1746), King's, now Columbia (1754), 
Pennsylvania (1757), Rutgers (1763), Brown (1764) anS 
Dartmouth ( 1 770) . No small proportion of their endowme>it 
had come from the mother country, but the Declaratioii of 



io Thk PwVOIvUTion of the Sorority System. 

Independence naturally put an end to donations from Eng- 
land and crippled the resources of existing colleges. The 
period of business depression immediately following the close 
of the War, the general instability of the government, the 
Continued difficulties with England resulting in the War of 
1 812, were not conducive to ease of mind or educational 
progress. 

The years from 1821 to 1837, however, found the 
country in a flourishing condition. The United States had 
demonstrated on land and sea its right to be considered a 
world power. Its credit was good, its people prosperous. 
The tremendous impulse given to trade and immigration by 
the use of steam as a motive power, the rapid development 
of the country owing to the construction of state roads and 
artificial waterways, the mighty stimulus afforded public 
thought by the daily appearance of the penny newspaper, 
the great awakening of interest in popular education as a 
result of the heroic labors of Horace Mann in Massachusetts 
and of Henry Barnard in New York, had produced a nation 
that was alert and enterprising. It was but natural that 
these same years of peace, prosperity and progress should 
witness the establishment of many new colleges as well as a 
great increase in matriculation at the older institutions. 
While a college is small it is possible for every student to 
know intimately all the others and to be in close touch 
with the different members of the faculty, but as the num- 
bers increase the personal relation between professor and 
.student is eliminated more and more, and the undergrad- 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. ii 

nates are forced to find sympathetic companionship in a 
small group of clavSsmates, So long as the boy is conscious 
of sympathy and interest on the part of the family in hinivSelf , 
his hopes, his plans, his ambitions, he will seek no furthei', 
but the moment he has lost faith in those of his own house- 
hold he will go elsewhere in search of the perfect understand- 
ing that his nature craves. The American professor is a bo}^ 
at heart, he understands young men, but the pressure of 
work is severe both in and out of the classroom and there is 
a limit to human poSvSibilities, to human endurance. The 
crowded classroom, the ascetic dormitory, the cheerless 
boarding house gave birth to the fraternity. They have 
given birth to worse impulses, but to no better. That the 
fraternity became a college society instead of a more limited 
organization, that it eventually included members from all 
undergraduate classes instead of being restricted to those of 
one particular year is a tribute to the democratic spirit and 
magnanimity of the American college student. 

The need and attractiveness of these organizations is 
attested to by the fact that fourteen vigorous fraternities 
were founded at Northern colleges within ths next quarter 
century,— Kappa Alpha, 1825, vSigma Phi, 1827, Delta Phi, 
1827, all three at Union, Alpha Delta Phi, Hamilton, 1832, 
Psi Upsilon, Union, 1833, Delta Upsilon, Williams, 1834, 
Beta Theta Pi, Miami, 1839, Chi Psi, Union, 1841, Delta 
Kappa Epsilon, Yale, 1844, Delta Psi, Columbia, 1847, Zeta 
Psi, New York University, 1847, P^i Gamma Delta, Jeffer- 
son, 1848, Phi Delta Theta, Miami, 1848, Theta Delta Chi, 



12 The Evolution of the Sokority System. 

Union, 1848. The period from 1850 to the Civil war was an 
era of instability, yet six new^ fraternities came into exist- 
ence, four in the North and two in the South, — Phi Kappa 
Sigma, Pennsylvania, 1850, Phi Kappa Psi, Jefferson, 1852, 
Chi Phi, Princeton, 1854, Sigma Chi, Miami, 1855, Sigma 
x\lpha Epsilon, Alabama, 1856, Delta Tau Delta, Bethany, 
1859. The five years immediately following the close of the 
Civil War are remarkable as giving birth to five fraternities 
and those all founded in Virginia, — Alpha Tau Omega, 
Virginia Military Institute, 1865, Kappa Alpha (Southern 
Order), Washington and Lee, 1865, Kappa Sigma, Univer- 
sity of Virginia, 1867, Pi Kappa Alpha, University of Vir- 
ginia, 1868, Sigma Nu, Virginia Militar}^ Institute, 1869. 
'i'hese twenty-five fraternities, together with one other, Phi 
vSigma Kappa, founded at the Massachusetts Agricultural 
College in 1873, had the field practically to themselves for 
more than thirty years, but the twentieth centur^^ is giving 
evidence of renewed activity in founding fraternities, for the 
3^ear 1901 alone gave birth to three new societies that have 
made a place for themselves alread}^, — Omega Pi Alpha and 
Delta Sigma Phi founded at the College of the City of New 
York and Sigma Phi Epsilon established at Richmond. 

When opportunities for collegiate training became a 
possibility for women it was but natural, especiallv in the 
coeducational institutions, that college girls should be 
anxious to enjoy the manifest advantages that membership 
in these secret organizations secured. It was not surprising, 
then, to find that one-third of the existing sororities were 



The Evolution of the Sorority System. 13 

founded at coeducational colleges within three years after 
the admission of women. Among college girls the first se- 
cret organization to enjoy an uninterrupted existence up to 
the present day was Kappa Sigma, founded at Elmira Col- 
lege in 1 856. This was followed ten 3'ears later by Phi Mii 
at the same college. Neither of these societies began life 
with Greek names, but the change was made very early in 
their history. The first national organization, or sorority, 
was the I. C. Sorosis, founded at Monmouth College in 
1867 and known since 1888 as Pi BetaPhi. The first soror- 
ity to bear a Greek name was Kappa Alpha Theta, founded 
at De Pauw University in 1870. The establishment of 
Kappa Kappa Gamma in this same year at Monmouth 
College, of Alpha Phi at Syracuse University in 1872, of 
Delta Gamma at I^ouis Institute,— a boarding school for 
girls at Oxford, Miss., the seat of the State University, in 
January, 1874, of Gamma Phi Beta at Syracuse University 
and of Sigma Kappa at Colby College in November of that 
same year, of Phi Sigma and Zeta Alpha at Wellesley in 
1876, show how simultaneous and spontaneous was the de- 
velopment of the fraternity idea among college women in 
different sections of the country. 1 here is no doubt that 
numerous similar organizations existed in other colleges, 
for sorority records show a number of instances where such 
societies applied for charters and became enrolled as chap- 
ters of the more vigorous orders. The phenomenal growth 
of the latter and the rise of the more recent sororities can be 
readily accounted for b}^ the rapid increase in matriculation. 



14 Thk Kvolution of the Sorority System. 

Of the eleven Greek-Letter societies established prior to 
1880 and in existence to-day, all but three, Kappa Sigma 
and Phi Mu of Elmira and Zeta Alpha of Wellesley have 
established chapters, but only four, the I. C. Sorosis, Kappa 
Alpha Theta, Kappa Kappa Gamma and Delta Gamma 
were anything more than local organizations at that date. 
Alpha Phi estabiished its second chapter at Northwestern in 
1881, Gamma Phi Beta its second at the University of 
Michigan in 1882. Phi Sigma organized a branch at Wes- 
ieyan University in 1893, but this became extinct after an 
c-xistence of ten years. Sigma Kappa waited nearly thirty 
years before granting its first charter to petitioners at Boston 
University in 1903. The fact that barely twenty chapters 
established between 1870 and 1880 have had an unbroken 
existence is a striking proof of the general disfavor with 
which the higher education of women was regarded in its 
experimental stage. The establishment of sixty-three vig- 
orous chapters during the next decade shows conclusively 
that the experiment was a success and that the sorority idea 
was becoming firmly entrenched. The granting of sixty 
charters to college petitioners between 1890 and 1900 bears 
tcstimon}^ to the growing popularity of collegiate training 
for women. The fact that sixt^^-six college chapters have 
been established within the last half decade and that many 
new sororities have come into prominence within that same 
period would indicate that the twentieth century is extend- 
ing the heartiest kind of welcome to the sorority as well as 
to the coUcj^re ^irl. 



The Evolution of thk vSorority System. 15 

One interesting phase in the evolution of the system 
has been the organization of special sororities by musical 
and medical students. Though by no means affecting such 
large numbers of matriculates, they are solving the same 
problems that confront the literary sororities, especially 
along the line of providing opportunities for the growth of 
congenial friendships. The simple social life that these 
organizations make a possibility is a great boon to those 
who are in a measure shut out from active participation in 
the general college life that centres about the academic 
departments of the large universities. 



Distribution of Chapters. 

Of the seventeen sororities having one or more chap- 
ters in colleges of the highest rank, two, Pi Beta Phi and 
Kappa Kappa Gamma, have over thirty chapters. These 
and two others, Kappa Alpha Theta and Delta Delta Delta, 
each with more than twenty chapters, are found in all sec- 
tions of the country. Delta Gamma, though by birth a 
Southern sorority, has now no chapter south of Mason and 
Dixon's line. Chi Omega, founded at the Universit}^ of 
Arkansas, is still thought of as a Southern order, though 
some of its more recent branches have been placed in North- 
ern universities. In addition to this there are three 



i6 Thr Evolution of the Sorority vSystkm. 

sororities that are at present essentially Southern, Kappa 
Delta, Sigma Sigma Sigma and ZetaTau Alpha. Strangely 
enough all were organized at the Virginia State. Normal 
School. Virginia has always been noted as a fraternity 
stronghold and was the birthplace of seven fraternities, Phi 
Beta Kappa, Alpha Tau Omega, Southern Kappa Alpha, 
Kappa Sigma, Pi Kappa Alpha, Sigma Nu and Sigma Phi 
Epsilon. Until 1893 when Randolph-Macon Woman's 
College was opened, no provision had been made by Virginia 
for the higher education of her daughters. Indeed until the 
Normal School w^as opened in 1884 there was not a scientific 
laboratory in the entire state accessible to women. Present- 
ing, then, for nine years, the only opportunity for advanced 
work it is not strange that this school attracted a superior 
class of students, many of them daughters of professors in 
the colleges of the state and consequently in touch with the 
fraternity idea since early childhood. Therefore the estab- 
lishment of these three secret societies was in no wuse a 
peculiar circumstance, but simply a natural outcome of the 
wide-spread acti\dty of the fraternities among the men of 
Virginia. Owing to the fact that coeducation is not so pop- 
ular in the South as in the Middle West, which has always 
been the sorority stronghold, opportunities for extension 
were naturally limited and some of the earlier charter grants 
were made to institutions below collegiate rank. It is 
generally understood, however, that this is only a temporary 
arrangement and that these chapters will be retained only 
until such time as the sororities are strong enough to dis- 



The EVOI.UTION of thk Sorority Systkm. 17 

pense with them. Zeta Tau Alpha^ at its convention in June, 
i9o6> was the first to raise its standards by dropping from 
its roll all chapters not located at colleges^ A fourth society 
founded at the Virginia State Normal School, Alpha Sigma 
Alpha, has as yet placed no chapters above the seminary 
rank, but it is doubtless only a question of time when all 
these essentially Southern orders will have chapter rolls that 
will compare favorably with those of the older sororities. 
Alpha Omicron Pi, founded in the North, has strangely 
enough half of its chapters in the South. Alpha Xi Delta, 
founded in Illinois, and Sigma Kappa, founded in Maine^ 
have both called attention to themselves by the rapidity with 
which they have recently placed branches at considerable 
distance from the parent chapter. No student of the 
sorority system could fail to notice the remarkable similarity 
in the case of Alpha Phi and Gamma Phi Beta as regards 
birthplace, age, monogram badge and chapter rolL 



Extension. 

Approximately speaking the number of men enrolled ill 
the colleges of the United States is twice that of the women. 
Exclusive of professional societies, which have no real bear- 
ing on the case in point, the fraternities are twice as numer- 
ous as the sororities. When, however, it comes to a ques- 



1 8 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

tion of the relative number of chapters, statistics show that 
there are four fraternity chapters to every sorority chapter, 
even when local societies at the women's colleges that are 
unfriendly to the national sorority idea are counted in the 
total number. The natural inference would be that the 
sorority is not so popular with college women as the frater- 
nity is with college men, Anyone, however, who knows 
how many local societies have petitions before the sororities 
is aware how very far from true such an inference would be. 
A certain proportion of these petitions, to be sure, has come 
from colleges which have not reached the standards set by 
the leading universities of the country and which, therefore, 
will fail to meet the first requirements of the largest and 
most popular sororities, but, even when these applications 
are omitted from the list, enough remain so that it would not 
be a very difficult matter for the sororities to double their 
chapter rolls by accession from colleges that have been ad- 
mitted by common consent to be eligible to consideration. 

Few locals have the courage to become the nucleus of 
a national organization, but prefer to wait anywhere from 
two to ten years for recognition from some well-known 
sorority. They reason that while they stand alone the^^ 
have only themselves to consider, whereas if they were to 
place chapters of their own organization in other colleges, 
they would loose the local prestige that comes from having a 
petition before a famous sorority and would have to meet 
their rivals as a chapter of a weak society. Confident of 
securing the coveted charter by patience and persistency 



ThK EVOI.XJTION OF THE SORORITY SYSTEM. I9 

and of acquiring, thereby, the reputation that would come 
to them as a branch of some famous order, they continue to 
keep their petition before the sorority of their choice, even 
after they have been assured repeatedly of the impossibility 
of a charter grant and have been advised to apply elsewhere. 
Deference to the wishes of their alumnae and consideration 
for their own immediate welfare in the nlatter of rushing 
determine to a large degree their attitude in this matter. 

There is probably no sorority that has not cherished, at 
some time in its career the idea of entering the famous inde- 
pendent colleges for women. The high standards, the large 
enrolment, two things that mean plent3^ of good sorority 
material, have always proved very attractive to organizations 
that, like Phi Beta Kappa, are anxious to have their chapter 
rolls stand for the best in education. Two independent 
colleges for women, Baltimore and Randolph-Macon, and 
several aflBliated colleges, Newcomb, Barnard, Middlebury 
and Brown admit national sororities, but up to the present 
time the big colleges, Vassar, Wellesley, Smith, Bryn Mawr 
and Mt. Holyoke, and several smaller ones, as well as one 
affiliated. Western Reserve, are closed to these organization5, 
though a number have local secret societies. This condition 
of affairs is in part due to faculty decision and in part to 
student indifference. When local secret societies are fost- 
ered, there is a feeling perhaps on the part of the adminis- 
tration that this particular kind of organization add a bit of 
local color, creates an esprit de corps, adds a certain per- 
sonnel to the college. There is a feeling, too, that the 



20 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

national sorority by demanding allegiance, requirin^: dues, 
publishing magazines and holding conventions may weaken 
the interest in the alma mater. This is a fallacy. The 
sororities always arouse interest in other colleges and in 
the whole movement for the higher education of women, in 
the problems that confront college girls, problems that facul- 
ties have not solved and cannot solve, that college girls alone 
can solve, but they do not weaken any student's interest in 
her own college. When she meets her sisters from other 
universities, be it at convention or in the alumnae associa- 
tion, in public or in private, she knows she is always looked 
upon as a type of her alma mater, and she is more than 
anxious by conversation and deportment to show her college 
in a creditable light. From various sources she learns what 
other colleges are doing along various lines, what new in- 
spirations to better, broader work have come, and she re- 
turns to her own chapter, to her own college, to praise 
where praise is due and where censure or improvement is 
needed, to seek through her chapter and rival chapters to 
effect the necessary reforms. To believe there is only one 
college in the world, that this college is above reproach and 
incapable of improvement, is snobbishness. To see weak- 
nesses in one's alma mater, to strengthen it by every means 
within one's power, to guard its interests jealously, this is 
loyalty. No one is so genuinely or so generously interested 
in her college as the sorority girl, no one has the opportuni- 
ties that the sorority girl has to compare her own college 
with others. There may be a few colleges, having chapters 



The EVOI.UTION of the Sorority System. 21 

of the national sororities, that seem lac^ang college spirit, 
but a close investigation will show that this lack is not to do 
the presence of the fraternities, but to other causes. 

A university located in the heart of a large city finds it 
very difiicult to inspire the same amount of college spirit 
that is secured with slight effort in a much smaller college 
situated in a village. The city university draws its students 
to a large extent from the towns within a radius of twenty- 
five miles. The marked improvements recently in the mat- 
ter of cheap and quick transit make it possible for many of 
the students to live at home during their entire college 
course. The hurried entrance upon the work of the day, the 
hasty exit after recitations in order to catch a train, the ab- 
sence of dormitories, the lack of suitable boarding places in 
the congested districts of a large metropolis for the few who 
are forced to find temporary lodgment, the distractions and 
fascinations of a big city, the general indifference of the 
great masses of people who come in constant touch with the 
students and the university, are all potent agencies that 
work constantly against any growth of college spirit. These 
same elements make it very diflficultfor the city university 
to have a satisfactory social life, always a great help to the 
development of a strong esprit de corps. The life under 
these conditions is not without its drawbacks. Evening 
chapter meetings are entirely out of the question and those 
in the afternoon can seldom be arranged so as not to inter- 
fere with train schedules or the convenience of those mem- 
bers whose recitations are all in the morning. The college 



22 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 

or university in the small town, however, fills the whole hor- 
izon for students, faculty, townspeople and tradespeople and 
there is marked local pride taken in everything that the 
students do. The}^ are people of importance in the village 
because of their association wdth the college, and since 
everybody they meet thinks there is but one college in the 
Avhole world, they begin to think so too and develop immed- 
iately a very proper and lasting interest in their alma mater. 
With dormitories, halls of residence, fraternity and sororit}' 
houses on or near the campus, with boarding places and 
faculty houses within easy reach, it is possible for such a 
college to have a very delightful social life and to foster all 
sorts of student enterprises. Under such conditions frater- 
nity and sorority life comes very near to being ideal, an in- 
terest that is second only to that felt for the college itself. 

Those who have studied deeply into fraternity condi- 
tions understand how very difficult it is to build up strong 
chapters in colleges that have no dormitory system or that 
have an enormous enrolment. One city, Cambridge, the 
home of Radcliffe and Harvard, will furnish illustration for 
both of these points. Radcliffe, with ver}^ little dor- 
mitory accomodation, draws its students largely from near- 
by cities and towns, and so much time is consumed in 
transit between the home and the college there is practically 
none left for the fostering of the life-long friendships that 
are such a valuable product of community life. Harvard, 
on the other hand, with its hundreds of students, its numer- 
ous dormitories, its almost inexhaustible supply of boarding 



Thk Evoi^ution of the Sorority System. 23 

houses, has never been found favorable ground for the 
planting of fraternity chapters. A very few do exist, but 
they are hampered by many difficulties. 

In the first place the city, its near neighbor, Boston, 
and the college itself offer unlimited attractions, so the fra- 
ternity finds few opportunities to fill spare moments with in- 
terest. Again, with the large entering classes and the elec- 
tive system governing studies, there is but slight class co- 
hesion and very little chance for upper class people to be- 
come well acquainted with the freshmen. Similar conditions 
exist at Yale with very similar results. 

It is thought by many sorority leaders that chapters at 
the large colleges for women would present the same prob- 
lems as Harvard and Yale. The life of these institutions is 
already very complex. Every minute of a girPs spare time, 
every cent of her allowance, is spoken for many times over. 
The freshman class, moreover, by reason of its large enrolment 
would present innumerable difficulties in any attempt to be- 
come acquainted with the individual members or to study 
them with a view to discovering their possibilities as good 
sorority material. Elections would necessarily have to be 
postponed and as a result the chapter w^ould tend to become 
a class society as did Alpha Delta Phi, Psi Upsilon, Delta 
Kappa Epsilon andZeta Psi at Yale, and toward which con- 
dition the local societies at Wellesley, Smith and Mt. Hol- 
yoke are surely tending. It remains for the future to show 
whether the great numbers at present unprovided for b}^ 
these local clubs will establish similar organizations or ap- 



24 Thk Evoi^ution of thr Sorority System. 

peal to the sororities for charters. New local societies 
would lack the prestige that the older ones have and which 
the sororities could furnish. Toe all important question, of 
course, with the aorarities will be whether the large class 
society would be favorable to the best development of the 
sorority idea and ideal. The sorority idea means close 
friendship fostered by long association in common interests. 
The sorority ideal is the symmetrically developed woman, 
the result of close confidences and lasting friendships wdth a 
few. 



Standards. 

The Inter-Sorority Conference of 1905 defined a national 
sorority as one ha\dng at least five chapters, all of them at 
institutions of Collegiate rank. No definition of ''collegiate 
rank" was attempted by the Conference and indead there is 
no organization whose decision could be taken as ofiicial and 
final. Inasmuch as the United States exercises no federal 
control over the schools of the country, there is no national 
system of education and no national board of education to 
determine what particular kind or amount of work shall con- 
stiiUte a college or university. In the Annual Reports of the 



Thk Evolution of thk Sorority System. 25 

Department of the Interior, the United States Commissioner 
of Education puts all universities, colleges and technological 
schools, with the exception of those admitting women only, 
in one group without any attempt at classification. There 
is much interesting information to be gleaned from these 
reports concerntng the valuation of the real estate and appa- 
ratus of the different colleges and concerning the registration 
and faculty, but little to show that some of the five hundred 
are doing higher grade work than others. It is left to the 
student of college data to make his own deductions and the 
most natural inference is that a large endowment, a large 
corps of professors, a large registration, mean high stand- 
ards, but conclusions from these premises alone are not 
necessarity correct. As has been already stated, conditions 
in the case of the colleges for women are somewhat different. 
Here the Commissioner has made two groups. Just what 
is the basis of decision is not stated, but Baltimore, Barnard, 
Bryn Mawr, Elmira, Mills, Mt. HolyoKe, Newcomb, Rad- 
cliffe, Randolph-Macon, Rockford, Smith. Trinity, Vassar, 
Wellesley and Wells are put in the A class, while the col- 
leges for women connected with Brown and Western Reserve 
are included in the reports of coeducational colleges* though 
they are quite distinct organizaticms. 

Thiriy-five years ago when sororities were in their in- 
fancy the problem of extension was a serious one and a 
number of charters were granted to institutions but little 
higher m grade than the modern seminary. The last quar- 
ter century, however, has witnessed great advances in the 



26 1 HK Evolution of the Sorority System. 

movement for the higher education of women. In order 
that the standards of the different sororities may be of the 
highest, it is imperative that great care should be taken to 
place new chapters only at such colleges and universities as 
are know to be of high grade. To this end the Inter-Sor- 
ority Conference has decided not to recognize any order 
until its chapter roll meets certain requirements. 

One organization that has done much to determine what 
the bachelors' degree should stand for is the Association of 
Collegiate Alumnae. This was founded at Boston in 
November, 1881, by seventeen college women, representing 
twelve colleges, in the hope of uniting the alumnae of differ- 
ent insiitutions for practical educational work. Later by 
reason of the limitations placed upon admission, it came to 
be recognized as standing for the maintenance of high 
standards of education. No college applying for member- 
ship to the body corporate is examined unless it has fift}^ 
women graduates and an endowment of $500,000. A pre- 
paratory department under the government or instruction of 
the college faculty is also a bar. Great stress is laid upon 
the educational qualifications of the corps of instruction, the 
average available income and the value of the equipment 
of the institution for the work it undertakes. The colleges 
now on the list number twenty-four, seventeen educational, 
Boston, California, Chicago, Cornell, Illinois, Kansas, Ice- 
land Stanford, Jr., Mass. Institute of Technology, Michigan, 
Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern, Oberlin, 
S3n'acuse, Wesleyan, Wisconsin, four independent, Bryn 



The EVOI.UTION of the Sorority System. 27 

Mawr, Smith, Vassar, Wellesley and three afl&liated, Bar- 
nard, Radcliffe, Western Reserve. 

A similar organization, founded at Knoxville, Tenn., 
in 1903, is the Southern Association of College Women, 
which was an outgrowth of the clubs of Southern girls in 
Northern colleges. Its object is **to unite college women in 
the South for the promotion of higher education for women; 
to raise the standard of education for women; to develop 
preparatory schools, and to define the line of demarcation 
between preparatory schools and colleges." The corporate 
members are all colleges recognized by the Association of 
Collegiate Alumnae and by the Southern Association of 
Colleges and Preparatory Schools, and furthermore any 
other college that the Association considers to be of the 
same rank as the aforesaid. The association hopes even- 
tually to do work very similar to that done by its Northern 
prototype, but at present it feels that it should devote most 
of its thought to educational problems of the South. 

Another agency that is making for uniform standards is 
the honorary society . A charter grant from Phi Beta Kappa 
means that the institution receiving it has met the require- 
ments as to organization, equipment, financial standing, 
faculty, enrolment, curriculum and entrance examinations 
demanded by a body of men who are well qualified by 
training and experience to decide what the word college 
should mean. It does not always follow that a college is 
below grade because it has no chapter of Phi Beta Kappa. 
It is only recently that this honorary society began to be- 



28 ThK EVOI.UTION OF THE SORORITY SYSTEM. 

come really representative and some well-known colleges 
have not awakened to the need or meaning of a charter 
grant. Notable examples of this are Bryn Maw^ and Illinois 
on the list of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae and 
Illinois and Indiana on the roll of Sigma Xi. 

It is interesting to note that of the two hundred and 
forty-three chapters accredited to the seventeen literary 
sororities, one hundred and forty-five, or sixty per cent, are 
in colleges honored by Phi Beta Kappa or Phi Kappa Phi. 
Of the 98 chapters located at other institutions 15 belong to 
Pi Beta Phi, 12 to Kappa Kappa Gamma, 10 to Kappa 
Delta, 9 to Chi Omega, 8 to Sigma Sigma Sigma and Alpha 
Xi Delta, 7 to Kappa Alpha Tlieta and Delta Delta Delta, 6 
to Zeta Tau Alpha, 5 to Delta Gamma, 3 to Sigma Kappa, 
Alpha Chi Omega and Alpha Omicron Pi and 2 to Gamma 
Phi Beta A careful study of these figures will show that 
the higher numbers belong to the oldest and largest societies 
or else to the youngest. There can be no question that 
another decade will show a marked improvement in this 
particular, for many colleges at present on the sorority rolls 
and without honorary societies will receive charter grants. 
Their standards even now will meet the requirements. In 
many cases it is only a question of petitioning Phi Beta 
Kappa six months before the national convention. 

Among other forces at work to secure a unification of 
standards in the college entrance examinations may be 
mentioned the New England Association of Colleges and 
Preparatory Schools, the Association of Colleges and Pre- 



The EVOI.UTION of the Sorority System. 29 

paratory Schools of the Middle States and Maryland, the 

Association of the Colleges and Preparatory Schools of the 

Southern States and the North Central Association of Col- 
leges and Secondary Schools. 

Government. 

The supreme governing body of the sororities is the Na- 
tional Convention which meets annually or biennially, but in 
order that important questions requiring immediate decision 
may receive attention during the interim, it is customary for 
the sororities to place a certain amount of legislative, judi- 
cial and executive power in the hands of a few members who 
are responsible to the succeeding convention for their acts 
and who constitute what is known as the Grand Council, the 
Executive Committee, or the Grand Lodge, as the case may 
be. The number of members elected for this purpose dif- 
fers somewhat in the different sororities, but a President, a 
Vice-President, a Secretary, a Treasurer and where a mag- 
azine is published, an Editor, are always found among the 
officers, though in four cases. Kappa Kappa Gamma, Alpha 
Phi, Gamma Phi Beta and Kappa Delta, the Editor is not 
ranked as a member of the executive staff. These five 
officers are usually sufficient for a small sorority, but where 
the chapter roll numbers more than twenty, the task of 
welding so many separate units into a harmonious whole 
becomes a serious problem. Hence it has come to pass 
that the older and larger sororities have found it necessary 



30 The Kvoi^ution of the Sorority System. 

to create new offices in order that no member of the 
executive staff may have more work than she can accom- 
plish satisfactorily and in order that every phase of frater- 
nity development may receive its due share of attention. 
The sororities are tending more and more toward retaining 
for longer periods than the usual interim of two years 
between conventions those officers who show special ability 
along certain lines. 

Kappa Kappa Gamma is unique in electing its editor, 
historian and director of catalogue for a term of ten years. 
Gamma Phi Beta has a well-defined policy of advancing her 
officers each year. The governing board consists of one 
member from each alumnae chapter and as each president 
retires, the chapter that she has represented elects some one 
who takes her place af the foot of the line and works up 
through the various offices. Delta Gamma's method is to 
elect its executive staff for a term of four years, the election 
of the president and treasurer alternating with that of the 
vice-president and secretary. Each convention designates 
the chapters from which the new officers are to come and 
these chapters elect the officers for the ensuing term. The 
editor is frequently re-elected several times. Alpha Phi's 
plan of choosing officers, first from one section of the coun- 
try and then from another, has much to recommend it. Al- 
pha Omicron Pi has paid its four founders a great tribute in 
making them life members of the Grand Council. 



Thk Evolution of the Sorority System. 31 

Publications. 

The publications of the sororities are of two kinds, 
those that may be seen by the uninitiated and those issued 
for members only. To the first class belong the magazines, 
the catalogues or directories, the song books, the histories 
and the calendars. Among the secret issues are the consti- 
tutions, convention reports, bulletins and rituals. 

The magazines are usually quarterlies and devote most 
of their space to reports from chapters and personals about 
alumnae. Under the head of Exchanges each editor endeav- 
ors to keep her subscribers informed of all that is passing 
in the fraternity world. The years between 1870 and 1880 
are noteworthy as marking the period during which a great 
impulse was given to fraternity journalism by the publica- 
tion of magazines by many of the men's orders. The soro- 
rities were quick to see the advantages that such issues had 
and the next decade saw five in the field, — '^The Golden 
Key" of Kappa Kappa Gamma in 1882, ''The Arrow" of 
Pi Beta Phi, ''The Kappa Alpha Theta" in 1885 and "The 
Alpha Phi Quarterly" in 1888. Delta Delta Delta followed 
with "The Trident" in 1891, Alpha Chi Omega with "The 
Ivyre" in 1896 and Chi Omega with "The Eleusis" in 1899. 
The last five years have brought out "The Crescent" of 
Gamma Phi Beta, "The Alpha Xi Delta", "Themis of Zeta 
Tau Alpha", "To Dragma" of Alpha Omicron Pi, "MuPhi 
Epsilon Year-Book", "The Beta Sigma Omicron", and 
"The Alpha Sigma Alpha Magazine." 



32 The EVOI.UTION of the Sorority System. 

The catalogues, or directories, have always been found 
very useful and have been issued with more or less frequency 
by all the sororities. The simple ones give merely the 
names and addresses of the members, but it is usual to find 
them well supplied with valuable historical data, the location 
and time of founding of each active and alumna chapter, 
lists of present and past grand officers, chapter officers and 
statistical reports. The older and larger sororities find it a 
somewhat difficult task to compile their directories, and three 
of them, Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kappa Gamma and 
Delta Delta Delta have established card catalogues. The 
cards are sent out periodically with the request that the 
members return them to the cataloguer after answering the 
printed questions. It is possible in this way to secure 
promptly a great deal of accurate information, much of 
which is of permanent value. 

Song books have been published by all the large so- 
rorities and most of them are handsome volumes, filled with 
bright music and spirited poems many of which possess 
distinct literary merit. 

All the sororities of prominence have established 
archives and the majority of them have an officer whose 
duty it is to collect and arrange historical data. Whenever 
historical matter has been given to the public it has usually 
appeared in some issue of the magazine, which is known 
henceforth as The Historical Number. Kappa Kappa 
Gamma issued a small pamphlet in 1903 for the use of its 
members and for distribution among its friends, but up to 



The KVOI.UTION of the Sorority System. 33 

the present time nothing elaborate has been attempted. 
The record of sorority histories is yet to be written. 

None of the sororities have authorized official calendars, 
but a number of chapters and individuals have published 
very attractive issues that in addition to ser\H[ng as appro- 
priate souvenirs have possessed considerable historical and 
literary value. 

Constitutions, Convention Reports, Secret Bulletins and 
Rituals are not supposed to fall into the hands of any one 
who is not a member, so little is known of them by outsiders. 
It is not unusual, however, for members of different sorori- 
ties, especially when friends or relatives, to discuss the 
common problems that confront the different organizations. 
In this way it is possible for those who are deeply interested 
in the advancement of the sorority idea to secure a very fair 
knowledge of the policies and regulations of the various 
organizations as laid down in the different constitutions. 

Convention Reports are not guarded with any great 
care and on many occasions very important decisions have 
been made public through discussions in the magazines. 
From the historical numbers one may glean information 
concerning the successive steps in all the great movements 
and changes of policies. The older and larger a sorority 
becomes, the more likely it is to discuss freely and publish 
widely much of what it actually has done, what it is doing 
and what it expects to do. The system of exchanging mag- 
azines, first advocated publicly in Boston in 1891, practiced 
occasionally before that time by broad-minded, progressive 



34 1 HE Evolution of the Sorority System. 

editors, and in general vogue at the present day, has done 
much to develop a marked similarity in general policies. 

Secret Bulletins have been found very convenient by 
many sororities, particularly the larger ones, for the amount 
of routine correspondence is appalling where any attempt is 
made to secure marked intensive growth in a long roll of 
chapters. Secret issues afford great relief to overworked 
officials, place matter demandino^ immediate attention before 
all the chapters at the same time and create a reference 
library that is of incalculable benefit to the chapters them- 
selves. To Chi Omega belongs the honor of issuing the 
first secret sorority magazine. Its Mystagogue appeared in 
1905. Delta Delta Delta was a close second with its Triton 
in 1906. The advantages of such an organ, issued at definite 
and stated times, over the occasional bulletin are too mani- 
fest to require a mention. 

Alumnae AssociaLions. 

The movement to keep the alumnae in close touch with 
the active work of the sorority and to provide congenial 
associations for them is one of the more recent ideas that 
make for intensive growth. The prestige and dignity given 
by a strong body of alumnae in addition to the financial 
backing afforded will more than repay any society for the 
labor expended in looking out for the interests of the ex- 
collegio members. Strange to say, these numerous advan- 
tages were not recognized by the oldest sororities very early 
in their careers. 



Thk Evoi^ution of the Sorority System. 35 

Pi Beta Phi was the pioneer in establishing alumnae 
associations, but its first graduate chapter was not formed 
until 1 88 1 For ten years these bodies had all the privileges 
of active chapters save that of initiation. In 1892 the 
Alumnae Association was organized under a constitution of 
its own and had the right to hold conventions at the same 
time and place as the active chapters. In 190 1 a marked 
change in policy was made and the entire work along this 
line was given over to the Grand Vice-President. Alumnae 
clubs may send representatives to the convention if they 
choose and these delegates have a voice but no vote. The 
Alumnae Association as a whole has one delegate and when 
possible she is the Alumnae Editor of '*The Arrow'*. 

Other sororities, however, did not copy the idea imme- 
diately, probably because conditions were not favorable to 
its dissemination. The magazine was in embryo, exchanges 
unknown. Alpha Phi was the first to follow by the estab- 
lishment of two alumnae chapters in 1889, but it has never 
permitted any association to exist that is not the direct out- 
growth of an active chapter. Each is given representation 
in the national convention. 

Delta Gamma was the third sorority to organize groups 
of alumnae and has always given its delegates a voice and a 
vote in convention. A distinction is made between those 
groups composed entirely of the members of one chapter and 
those that are made up of members from several, but the 
difference is rather one of name than of privilege. 

Delta Delta Delta was the first sorority to provide at its 



36 Thk Evolution of the Sorority System. 

very inception for the organization of Alliances as it terms 
its alumnae associations. It is unique in having a special 
constitution for them and a special ritual called The Third 
Degree, by taking which graduates become eligible to mem- 
bership in an Alliance. The first was formed in August, 
1892, For a number of years only graduates were permitted 
to take the higher degree, but the convention of 1900 modi- 
fied this policy somewhat, so that it is now possible occasion- 
ally for an ex-member to become associated with an 
Alliance. Special provision is made at the national con- 
vention for an Alliance session and representation in the 
undergraduate section as well. The Convention of 1906 
provided for a special ofl&cer who has charge of all matters 
pertaining to the Alliances. 

Kappa Kappa Gamma leaders recognized the desirability 
of alumnae associations as early as 1887 and agitated the 
matter vigorously in their magazine, but the idea received 
no encouragement from the active membership. A group 
of Chicago alumnae, who were in charge of the sorority's 
exhibit at the World's Fair, petitioned the Convention of 
1892 for a charter. After prolonged and heated discussion 
the vote was finally carried, but as the alumnae found the 
requirements of a chapter burdensome they returned their 
charter in 1896. A few other associations and clubs were 
organized after this, but it was not until the Convention of 
1902 that this sorority as a whole recognized the need or 
importance of providing for its alumnae. At that time the 
work was put into the hands of the officers' deputies and the 



Thk Evoi^ution of the Sorority System. 37 

growth has been phenomejial. At the Convention of 1906 
a national organization of the alumnae associations was 
effected under the control of three special officers, who 
serve as president, secretary and treasurer. One whole day 
is given over to the associations at convention for the trans- 
action of business of special interest to alumnae. 

Gamma Phi Beta organized its first group of alumnae 
in December, 1892, and has always given the associations 
all the privileges of the active chapters. 

Kappa Alpha Theta made no formal provision for alum- 
nae associations prior to the Convention of 1893, but in that 
year the Alpha Alumnae was organized at Greencastle, Ind. 
The associations at present number fourteen and are named 
alphabetically in order of founding regardless of location, so 
except in the case of the first the names of the associations 
are different from the active chapters with whi,ch they are 
allied, a method that seems a trifle confusing when it is cus- 
tomary to name the groups from the cities in which they 
are located or from the chapters with which they are aflili- 
ated. 

Chi Omega gives a vote to every alumna attending con- 
vention. Charters are granted to alumnae chapters on 
practically the same conditions as those to college petition- 
ers and examinations are required of them as of the active 
chapters. 



38 ThK EVOI.UTION OF THE SORORITY SySTI^M. 

Chapter Houses. 

The chapter house movement among sororities is a 
rather recent one, and has come about quite naturally, 
because at many colleges the houses of the men's fraternities 
are a conspicuous feature of the student life. Many 
faculties have fostered the development of the fraternity 
house idea because it relieved them of the necessity of pro- 
viding accommodations for a large number of students, and, 
to a certain extent, of the supervision of the inmates, but 
not all have been ready to accord the same privileges to the 
sorority girls, and dormitory life or residence with relatives 
is still insisted upon at certain universities. The city uni- 
versity drawing its material largely from the immediate 
environs, offers but little or no opportunity for the sorority 
house, though it is not unusual for chapters at such colleges 
to have suites of rooms which provide ample opportunities 
for spending a quiet hour in rest or study, passing the night 
after some college function, or offering informal entertain- 
ment to members or friends. 

Alpha Phi took the initiative in 1889 when it erected a 
chapter house at Syracuse. Other sorority chapters were 
quick to see the advantages of such a course and many 
now have homes which they owm wholly or in part. 

Pan-Hellenism. 

The Pan-Hellenic movement dates back to the time 



The EVOI.UTION of the Sorority System. 39 

when the Boston University chapter of Kappa Kappa 
Gamma secured permission from the convention assembled 
at Bloomington, Ind., August, 1890, to invite the other 
sororities to meet in convention at Boston, The proposed 
work, as set forth in *'The Key'% was to be that of recom- 
mendation only, the reports to be adopted or rejected as 
each sorority should decide. An attempt, however, w^as to 
be made, **To secure (i) uniformity of inter-fraternity cour- 
tesy, (2) cooperation in purchasing fraternity jewelry and 
stationery for purposes of increased security and cheapness, 

(3) a practical Pan-Hellenic plan for the World's Fair, 

(4) uniformity in the dates of the fraternity- publications, 

(5) inter-chapter cooperation and etiquette". 

A careful reading of the report of that first inter-sorority 
convention, which is given verbatim in practically all soror- 
ity magazines of that time, will show how earnest and 
enthusiastic were the Pan-Hellenic pioneers and how much 
might have been accomplished had the good w^ork continued 
without interruption. The probable reason for the failure 
of a movement so auspiciously begun may be found in the 
fact that there was no city at w^hich representatives from all 
the sororities could meet conveniently. Though the value 
of the work accomplished appealed to all, the expense 
incidental to providing entertainment for the official dele- 
gates during such a session probably deterred other soror- 
ities from extending a like invitation. 



40 The Evolution of the Sorority System. 
The Congress of Fraternities. 

Beginning in the Spring of 1892, representatives 
appointed by all the sororities and a large number of the 
fraternities held monthly meetings in Chicago for the pur- 
pose of securing space and arranging a fraternity exhibit at 
the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. All the soror- 
ities were heartily in favor of the idea, but as only half of 
the fraternities took any active interest in the matter, the 
unique and interesting plan of the Pan-Hellenic Committee 
had to Jbe abandoned. A fraternity congress was substit- 
uted with one-half day given to the fraternities, another 
half day to the Greek Press and a third half day to the 
sororities. Although the meetings themselves were most 
inspiring and hundreds of fraternity members were present 
at the social gatherings, little of real or permanent value 
was accomplished, though for some months afterw^ards the 
different magazines gave considerable space to the discussion 
of the advantages of Pan-Hellenism. The time, however, 
was not yet ripe for any concerted action and the matter 
languished after the first flush of enthusiasm had passed. 

The Inter-Sorority Conferences. 

It was to Mrs. Margaret Mason Whitney, Michigan, 
'95-'97j Grand President of Alpha Phi, i900-'o2, that the 
inspiration came to reopen the agitation for a saner dealing 



The Evoi^ution of the Sorority System. 41 

with the problem of rushing. As a result of her correspond- 
ence with the presidents of six other leading sororities, it 
was learned that the grand presidents of Kappa Kappa 
Gamma and Delta Delta Delta had been conferring upon 
this very subject and that the Chicago Alumnae of Kappa 
Alpha Theta had placed a petition before its grand council 
asking that the sororities be invited to consider some means 
of reform in rushing. With such a general sentiment in 
favor of correcting evils and securing hearty cooperation 
along various lines of endeavor, Mrs. Whitney was encour- 
aged to call the first Inter-Sorority Conference, which met 
in Chicago, May 24, 1902, and which was the beginning of 
annual meetings presided over by each sorority in turn in 
the order of founding. All of the five conferences have 
been more or less recommendatory, yet each has had certain 
definite characteristics that distinguish it from the others. 
They may be classified as tentative, suggestive, directive, 
legislative and authoritative. 

The first Inter- Sorority Conference, composed of dele- 
gates from Pi Beta Phi, Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kappa 
Gamma, Alpha Phi, Delta Gamma, Gamma Phi Beta and 
Delta Delta Delta, tried to establish a basis for future opera- 
tions by submitting a set of motions of which it approved to 
the different sororities represented in the Conference. Al- 
though the meeting did not result in any inter-sorority com- 
pact, since all the sororities were not unanimously in favor 
of the recommendations submitted, yet much advance was 
made in providing for annual conferences. 



42 Thk Evoi^ution of the Sorority System. 

The Conference of 1903 admitted Alpha Chi Omega and 
Chi Omega. It suggested the formation of Pan-Hellenic 
Associations at every college where two or more national 
sororities existed and urged sorority girls to take an active 
part in such college organizations as were intended for the 
good of all. Of four recommendations submitted to the 
sororities, two were unanimously accepted during the 
succeeding year and so the first definite gain was made in 
an agreement not to pledge prior to matriculation. 

The Conference of 1904 admitted Alpha Xi Delta and 
decided upon the order of rotation in ofiice. It also defined 
the purpose of the Pan-Hellenics and directed the sororities 
to insist that these organizations should not merely promote 
good feeling and social intercourse, but that they should 
make earnest efforts to improve standards and remove evils. 
The conference also took up the problem of social service, 
recommended the establishment of Women's Leagues, made 
preparations to form a Bureau of Comparative Legislation 
and raised the question of the advisability of asking that 
Deans of Women be appointed in all coeducational colleges. 

The Conference of 1905 admitted Alpha Omicron Pi 
and defined a national sorority as one having at least five 
chapters, all at institutions of collegiate rank. In addition 
to the great advance made by the Conference in adopting a 
constitution and thus determining its own powers, it provid- 
ed for the drafting of a model constitution for Women's 
Leagues. 

The Conference of 1906 admitted Sigma Kappa and 



ThK EVOI.UTION OF THE SORORITY SYSTEM. 43 

remodelled the constitution of 1905, which had failed to pass 
two Grand Presidents. It showed renewed interest and 
activity in furthering the social service work and a desire 
to cooperate with Deans of Women in the amelioration of 
social evils. To secure greater unity in the Pan-Hellenic 
work of the colleges, a model constitution for Pan-HellenicS 
was approved and ordered printed for distribution and 
arrangements made to intensify the interest through the 
efforts of the visiting delegates. High School sororities 
were condemned and the conference put itself on record as 
proposing to use all its influence to have them discoun- 
tenanced. An investigation of the laws of each state con- 
cerning the making and wearing of badges by unauthorized 
persons was instituted. 

There is practically no limit to the valuable results that 
may be attained through these annual conferences. The 
regulation of the evils incidental to rushing, though of the 
highest importance in its salutary effect upon general soror- 
ity standards, is yet but a small part of the work that may 
be done. To understand something of the possibilities of 
the Inter- Sorority Conference, one need only realize that 
the ex-coUegio members of the sororities number 30,000 and 
that the Conference literature reaches at least one-third of 
these through the various sorority magazines. The active 
membership of 4500 is even more vitally affected, and each 
Fall 2000 new initiates are brought into touch with every 
movement that receives the sanction of the Conference. 
Except to a very limited degree, the college woman has 



44 The Evoi<ution of the Sorority System. 

been unable to have any marked influence upon the college 
after graduation. During her student days she has been 
obliged to follow the lines laid down for her brother, and if 
life's experience has shown her that college courses should 
be adapted more peculiarly to her own needs, she has had 
little or no opportunity to say so. Her ideas on this point, 
unexpressed except to a very few, have had little weight. 
The Association of Collegiate Alumnae, to be sure, has 
determined certain important facts relative to the higher 
education of women, but its work has been hampered by the 
small, restricted, scattered membership. It lacks, moreover, 
the vivifying touch that comes only with actual cooperation 
with the undergraduate body of college girls. The Inter- 
Sorority Conference is the only organization that can bridge 
the chasm between college theories and life's realities. 
Thus far it has confined its efforts to improving social con- 
ditions. The larger opportunity of making the college 
course a more vital force in the lives of college women is 
still before it. 



Chapter IIL 
The Mission of The Sorority. 

To determine whether the existence of the sorority as a 
factor in college life has been justified, it is necessary to un- 
derstand what combination of circumstances called it into 
being, what it has to its credit in the line of accomplishment, 
and what it is doing at the present time to warrant its con- 
tinuance. Begun as an experiment at Elmira half a cen- 
tury ago, and copied at Wellesley and Smith shortly after 
these institutions were opened, the Greek-Letter Society at 
the independent colleges for women seems to have been es- 
tablished with the full sanction of the faculty, in the hope 
that it might serve to unite in a common interest the most 
prominent members of the student body. In the days when 
the elective system was unknown, the lines of demarcation 
between the different classes were very clearly defined, and 
these distinctions were not always conducive to the develop- 
ment of a proper college spirit. By forming a nucleus 
around which should cluster some of the most precious 
associations of college life, the adminstration hoped to foster 
a strong esprit de corps. Except to a very few of the stu- 
dents this raison d'etre would scarcely appeal. To the ma- 
jority of women in college thirty years ago, when so much 
stress was laid upon I^atin, Greek and Mathematics, the 



46 Thk Mission of thr Sorority. 

societies, by copying the methods of the popular lyceum, 
offered a much-prized opportunity for the study of the mas- 
terpieces of modern literature and for the discussion of 
questions of permanent or passing interest. Since the 
development of a strong college spirit was the desideratum 
in the formation of the societies, the originators gave little 
heed to the possibilities that these organizations afforded for 
the cementing of college friendships. It is rare indeed to 
find among their members the close bond of sympathy so 
characteristic of the national sororities, in spite of the fact 
that the two are practically alike as far as secrecy is con- 
cerned. 

In those colleges, however, where the adminstration 
had decided upon coeducation, and where the men students 
were often openly hostile to the movement to admit women, 
the Greek-Letter Society among the girls, even when 
)unded at faculty suggestion, not infrequently took on the 
nature of a protective league through which the members 
endeavored by united action to secure recognition for them- 
selves as a vital part of college life. Misunderstood in the 
' classroom, shut out from participation in the literary^ and 
debating societies organized by the men, unrecognized in the 
social life that crystallized around the fraternities, the few 
who were courageous enough to brave outspoken ridicule 
or veiled slur were sadly in need of the moral support that 
the sorority could give. From the close communion of 
heart and soul in those days of trial sprang the impulse 
to form a sivSterhood that should be a potent factor during 



The Mission of the Sorority. 47 

the college course and which, at the same time, should lay 
the foundation for life-long friendship. 

Just how much the sorority did for the first generation 
of college girls in making their position secure and in de- 
monstrating their right to educational privileges equal to 
those enjoyed by their brothers is not perhaps to be found 
in records, but there can be no doubt that the Greek- Letter 
Society rendered valuable service to the cause of higher ed- 
ucation by encouraging members to complete Iheir college 
course and by influencing them to interest other girls in 
what was for years an experiment, nay more, an experiment 
that met with slight favor and scanty support from the gen- 
eral public. That the sorority did cement friendships there 
is ample evidence to prove, for the earliest issues of the 
sorority magazines are filled with the testimony of those 
who gladly bore witness to the enrichment of their lives 
through the wealth of sympathetic interest such friendsliips 
had bestowed. Only those who have been blessed with true 
friendships can understand how very barren and spiritless 
life would be without the stimulus and zest they give. To 
be trusted, to be appreciated, to be loved, makes possible 
the practically impossible, renders the joy of success more 
keen, the sting of sorrow less poignant. 

It was not, however, in these two important particulars 
alone that the sorority of the seventies rendered peculiar and 
efiicient servdce. If there was any element of danger in the 
higher education of women in the early days, it lay in the 
fact that the pioneers were inclined to take themselves and 



4* Thk Mission of the Sorority. 

their work too seriously, to see life in a false perspective un- 
der the influence of unusual conditions. From the peril of 
such erroneous ideas as might have been engendered by the 
impress of new and peculiar circumstances, many a girl 
was rescued by her sorority. As one of a crowd she lost 
self-consciousness. Within the chapter group the tension 
was relaxed and normal conditions prevailed. Here with 
friends she need not be on parade. She could be what she 
was, an essentially feminine woman, with wide outlook and 
large ambitions to be sure, but no phenomenon as the gen- 
eral public insisted upon regarding her. The simple, 
wholesome social life that the sorority made a possibility 
was conducive to naturalness, feminine charm and womanly 
dignity. For the first generation of college girls the sorori- 
ty was primarily a humanizing agency. 

Although, except in a few rare cases, the day for the 
sorority as a protective league is long since past, its impor- 
tance as a prominent factor in the college life of to-day is even 
greater than ever, for it touches vitally the lives of hun- 
dreds where once it touched a score. Indispensible as it 
still is in fostering friendships during the years when a col- 
lege girl is peculiarly in need of the close companionship of 
those who will treat her with a mixture of charity and frank 
criticism, there are yet other important services that the 
sorority renders its members. In these days when it is no 
unusual thing for a girl to go to college, the young matricu- 
late is in no immediate danger of considering herself a 
rara avis or of developing eccentricities of dress or manner. 



Thk Mission of thk Sorority. 49 

If there is any risk run it will certainly not be along the line 
of becoming strong-minded, of having advanced ideas, of 
promulgating pronounced views. Rather will she be lost in 
the crowd. To-day in the great throngs attending our pop- 
ular colleges, amid the complexity of academic life, there 
can not be the opportunity for the development of individu- 
ality, so marked a feature of that earlier period when the 
personal relation between faculty and students was notice- 
ably strong. Personality is a tremendous force in the devel- 
opment of personality, but modern exigencies and modern 
methods have built up barriers between professor and 
student. Perhaps, too, since the problem of the higher 
education of women has in a measure been satisfactorily 
solved, the modern educator is no longer so interested in 
the annual solution as it applies to individual cases. 

There is, without doubt, another reason why the college 
has failed, as has been claimed with some measure of justice, 
to do more to develop that very essential quality known as 
the creative faculty. Not to be identical, but to be individ- 
ual, not to imitate, but to create, not to follow, but to lead, 
betokens the master mind; yet all education, in its endeavors 
to make the individual conform to a definite standard, tends 
to stifle originality, to put a check upon independent 
thought. Up to a certain point this is a very wise arrange- 
ment, for too much liberty will result in license. In the 
case of the elementary education, which trains the masses 
and prepares primarily for apprenticeship, it is necessary to 
inculcate obedience, to demand subjection to law, to insist 



50 The Mission of thk Sorority. 

upon the closest attention to detail, for upon these funda- 
mentals depends the youth's success in such work as he 
may be called upon to do. In the case of the secondary ed- 
ucation, however, which trains the classes and prepares 
incidentally for skilled workmanship, sufficient latitude 
should be allowed for the expression of individual taste and 
talent. In the case of the college education, which trains 
only the elect and which should prepare preeminently for 
leadership, the dominant thought should be the development 
of individuality. The college in preparing its students for 
intellectual and spiritual leadership must furnish a broad, 
liberal education, and must train specifically the intellect, 
the heart, the will, the taste, the conscience. All this the 
college does, but more is needed. Abstract studies, inval- 
uable as they are for mental training, lead to theorizing. 
Theory is not practice. In great as in small things man 
learns by doing. If a man is to be a great leader, he must 
lead first in small ventures, then in sizable undertakings, 
finally in great enterprises. He must serve his apprentice- 
ship. 

In the big classes, in the large literary societies, in the 
great student leagues of our famous universities, there is 
opportunity for only a very few to rise above their college 
mates. The many are submerged in the ocean of mediocrity. 
To follow, not to lead, must be their portion. It is just here 
that the sorority is in a position to supplement the work of 
the college in its endeavors to prepare for leadership by 
presenting opportunities for apprenticeship such as the col- 



Thk Mission of the Sorority. 51 

lege of itself is unable to give save in limited degree. To 
understand the peculiar fitness of the sorority for this work 
it is necessary to consider the essential qualities of a leader. 
Whether leadership is to be in small ventures or great enter- 
prises, the prime essentials are the same. Most important 
of all is self-confidence. This fundamental requisite of 
success in any undertaking must not be confounded with 
that most undesirable attribute, self-conceit, which has its 
roots in vanity. Rather is it the self-knowledge which lies 
at the foundation of self-respect. Self-confidence begets 
enthusiasm, enthusiasm to inspire. Self-confidence begets 
courage,, courage to dare. Self-confidence begets strength, 
strength to fulfill. Without an enthusiastic interest in the 
thing to be accomplished, without the courage resulting 
from a consciousness of power, without an abiding faith 
in the ability to carry any undertaking to completion, lead- 
ership is impossible. By taking its members out of the 
crowd and making each a distinct unit in a small group, the 
sorority is able to foster individuality. By providing every 
initiate with innumerable opportunities for all sorts of 
service and for all kinds of experience, first in the simple 
work of the chapter and later in the larger effort of the 
national organization, the sorority is particularly well quali- 
fied to lay a strong foundation for the growth of self-con- 
fidence. 

According to the popular idea self-confidence is the only 
requisite for leadership. But he who would be master over 
others, must first be master over himself. Self-control is 



52 Thk Mission of thr Sorority. 

likewise indispensible. Self-control implies perfect insight, 
the ability to see the end from the beginning. Self-control 
implies perfect adjustment to kindred forces. Self-control 
implies perfect obedience to perfect law. Self-confidence 
alone may of itself secure leadership, but it will be the lead- 
ership of the demagogue. Without the penetration that 
insures a grasp of the situation, without the disposition to 
recognize the rights of others, without the desire to obey the 
dictates of conscience, there can be no useful, effective 
leadership. By keeping ever before its members a very defi- 
nite aim, by demanding of each individual a due considera- 
tion for the rights of every other, not only of her own chapter 
but of the entire organization, by expecting obedience 
to the tenets of the order, the sorority exerts a very whole- 
.*;ome discipline that argues well for the growth of self- 
control. 

Leadership that depends for preeminence upon self- 
confidence alone will be at best transitory. If it brings 
material rewards, they will be attended by dishonor. 
Leadership that has both self-confidence and self-control as 
basis principles will be lasting, will win rewards, will be 
productive of honor. Such leadership means worldly 
success and meets with popular approval. To understand, 
however, whether such is the highest form of leadership, we 
need only to turn to the life of the great Examplar. He is 
the Light, the Truth, the Way. As the Son of God He was 
conscious of His power. The miracles He performed testify 
to His confidence in Himself. Though all power was given 



The Mission of thk Sorority. 53 

to Him in heaven and earth, yet did He exercise self-control. 
Under sore temptation He did not yield. Yet this was not 
all. His incarnation was not primarily for the purpose of 
performing miracles or of teaching self-control. Christ's 
message to the world was the beauty of service, the sacred- 
ness of leadership. There were many tones in that 
harmonious Life, but the key-note was self-sacrifice. Self- 
sacrifice recognizes the need for responsibility. Self-sacrifice 
recognizes the need for patience. Self-sacrifice recognizes 
the need for sympathy. By insisting that every privilege 
brings with it a corresponding responsibility, by urging 
always the great importance of patience in dealing with the 
problems in one's own life or that of any other, by making 
love the mainspring in every line of endeavor that the order 
undertakes, the sorority becomes one of life's great forces in 
teaching the beauty of self-sacrifice. Leadership under the 
spell of this great power must be magnetic. Self-confidence, 
then, is creative, self-control restrictive, self-sacrifice 
persuasive. Leadership that possesses all three qualities 
cannot fail to bring success with honor and peace. Such is 
the education that the college is pledged to give, but the 
college has its limitations. By emphasizing and developing 
all these requisites for leadership, by providing innumerable 
opportunities for the practical application of the same, the 
sorority is supplementing the work of the college and rend- 
ering a special service to society. In thus enhancing the 
value of academic training, the sorority makes the college a 
much more vital force in the life of the student than it could 



54 Thk Mission of the Sorority. 

otherwise be. The fine college spirit that is an outgrowth 
of this increased interest leads the sorority girl to advocate 
college residence. This, though in no sense a definite aim 
that the sorority has placed before itself, means much for 
the cause of higher education. The benefit that comes to 
the college from an increased matriculation, from a student 
body fired with the torch of ideality, from a roll of alumnae 
whose names are synonymous with honorable accomplish- 
ment is, in no small part, a result of the existence of the 
sorority. 

Although the work done in preparation for leadership 
is perhaps the most important within the scope of the soror- 
ity, it is far from being the only benefit that the members 
receive. Very valuable, indeed, is the business training 
that comes during association with the chapter in under- 
graduate days or from service in the national organization 
after the college course is ended. Some college women have 
a natural aptitude for business, some, especially those who 
work their way through understand the value of a dollar, 
but the average college girl, whose every bill is paid by an 
indulgent father, whose every whim is gratified by an ador- 
ing mother, has very hazy ideas on the subject of finance. 
Such a one, if she becomes a teacher, will very likely expect 
to have her income supplemented by generous checks from 
home, while, if she should preside over a home of her own, 
she will expect, from past experience, to find credit unlim- 
ited. No woman who may be thrown upon her own 
resources— and what woman may nol? — should enter upon 



Thk Mission of the Sorority. 55 

the third decade of her life without a pretty fair knowledge 
of the ordinary methods of transacting business. Yet, how 
very few women ever do acquire this knowledge. To have 
a stated chapter income, to decide just how it must be 
apportioned for rent or taxes, for furnishing or repairs, for 
food, heat, light and entertainment, is always valuable 
experience. To place mortgages, to negotiate loans, to 
understand building laws, to handle and invest large sums 
of money such as the national sororities annually receive, 
is as important a training for a woman as for a man. If 
wage-earner or inheritrix she will have money to invest. 
As a wife and mother she will handle funds in trust. 

Another opportunity that the sorority opens to its mem- 
bers because of their affiliation with a large organization is 
the chance it gives them through correspondence, fraternity 
publications and conventions to get a wide outlook over the 
entire field of collegiate education. Though one of a 
group small enough to admit of the growth of the indi- 
vidual, each is also one of a mighty throng capable of 
accomplishing much through concerted action. Provincial- 
ism is thus made impossible even in the small college. The 
inspiration that has come to many a small college to broaden 
its student life has been the direct result of the contact of 
its undergraduates with those of some large university. 
The awakening of many a large university to the need of 
deepening its student life has come through the magnetic 
influence given to its undergraduates by those of some 
small college. The important part that the sorority is 



56 The Mission of the Sorority. 

playiug in developing a national type of cultured womanhood 
is another phase of the work it is doing for society and one 
for which it takes little credit to itself. A cultured woman is 
ahvays an honor to the land of her birth, but a cultured 
woman with lofty ideals and noble principles is a lustrous 
jewel in the nation's crown. Such a one is the sorority girl. 
The badge she wears upon her breast is a constant reminder 
to her that she has pledged both heart and hand to honor 
and truth, that she has set her face to the light, never to 
turn back. 

Whenever college authorities opposed to sororities are 
prevailed upon to state their objections, it is always on the 
ground that fraternities create cliques. Instead of being an 
undesirable thing as many pessimists would have us believe, 
the clique, as established by the sorority, is a most salutary 
arrangement for grouping college girls into congenial 
coteries. Promiscuous friendships, though democratic, are 
dangerous. A woman should have large ideals and 
generous sympathies, but she should concentrate her 
affections upon a few. Her friendships should be not 
numerous and shallow, but limited and deep. The harmony 
resulting from the union of a few with common interests 
bears rich fruit later when college women in any locality 
unite for effective work along any line. The sorority trains 
its members for organized effort, for lofty aims, for conserva- 
tion of force. 

Furthermore, in taking a girl out of the crowd and 
making her a permanent member of a small group, the 



The Mission of the Sororitv. 57 

sorority is rendering her an inestimable service* It is 
providing her during her college course with family affilia- 
tions and with the essential elements of a home,— sympa- 
thetic interest, wise supervision, disinterested advice. 
Incidentally society itself is benefited » The corner stone of 
the social structure is the family, and It is not altogether 
wise that college girls, or college boys for that matter, 
should cut loose from youth's anchorage and drift far from 
home moorings during four long years. There is a dangef , 
and a very grave danger, that four years' residence in a 
dormitory will tend to destroy right ideals of home life and 
substitute in their stead a belief in the freedom that comes 
from community living. It is in recognition of this fact 
that some of the large colleges for women have adopted as 
far as possible the cottage system of housing students. 
Culture, broad, liberalizing, humanizing culture we cannot 
get too much of, unless while acquiring it we are weaned 
from home and friends, from ties of blood and kindred. If 
there is a tendency of modern times more to be deplored than 
any other, it is the disposition on the part of the younger 
generation to shirk the duties and responsibilities of home 
life. Dangerous as this tendency is, it w411 be doubly so, if 
college graduates are to be inoculated with the virus. To 
them as its most finished product society looks for leadership. 
Yet an exceedingly large number of students, while in 
pursuit of the very culture which can add so much enrich- 
ment to the simplest home, are forced to forego the influences 
that experience has proved most potent in the right 



58 The Mission of the Sorority. 

adjustment of social conditions. Deep and lasting are 
college impressions, for the mind, no longer plastic, is 
moulded into its final form. Precious indeed are those that 
inspire to right ideals of life and thought, perilous any that 
would substitute new ideas for old ideals. Ihe sorority, 
through the chapter house, emphasizes the advantage of 
home life over dormitory residence. Through the chapter 
organization it keeps ever before its members the imperative 
need of living together in harmony, of assuming and sharing 
responsibilities, of so ordering one's life that every act shall 
reflect only honor. The chapter, like the family, is a 
corporation, which, though closely associated or affiliated 
with many others, has still within itself a very distinct and 
separate existence. The individual members of both are 
united by very close ties. Both continue indefinitely and 
their position in society depends upon the individual part 
that each member plays. Both lay many responsibilities 
upon their members, but everj^ responsibility has its attend- 
ant privilege. So closely indeed is the one patterned after 
the other that it is not difficult to see that the sorority is an 
expression of the college girPs belief in the beauty and 
power of the home. The transition from dormitory 
residence to home life must always be a critical time for any 
girl. Herein lies the reason for much of the restlessness on 
the part of those who have dwelt in dormitories at boarding 
school or college. The new ideas do not adjust themselves 
to old ideals. It is like patching homespun with silk or 
cloth of gold. The sororority, by demanding the same 



1 



The Mission of the Sorority. 59 

virtues as the family, makes the break between home and 
college and later between college and home almost imper- 
ceptible. New ideals may be made to take the place of old 
ideas, just as precious stones may be substituted for paste in 
some rare old setting, or as an artist may renew the colors 
in some old masterpiece. Any organization that fosters 
love of home should be encouraged, for from the home as 
the central force in civilization must emanate all the infivt- 
ences that make for progress. 

Whatever the line of service to which she may 
consecrate herself, the sorority girl will always be a success. 
She can not fail, for her assets largely exceed her liabilities. 
She is, to be sure, under heavy obligations to her parents, 
her college and her sorority, but none of these will ever 
press for payment. I^hey consider their investment safe as 
long as her name is a synonym for honor. As a college 
woman she will adjust herself in time to any position in 
which she finds herself, but as a sorority girl she will adjust 
herself quickly, easily, happily, because, in addition to the 
stores of knowledge acquired through years of study and 
always available for pleasure or profit, she will have 
gained through the discipline of the chapter both wisdom 
and understanding. If called to be the presiding genius of 
a home, she will be ready, since she is a college woman, to 
contribute of her wealth of intellect to all those agencies 
that are working for the betterment of social conditions, but 
since she is a sorority girl her appreciation of what humanity 
needs will be keener and truer, her judgment concerning 



6o Thk Mission of the Sorority. 

means and methods to be emplo3^ed in dealing with human 
problems, saner and sounder. If not needed in the home 
the college woman will find ample opportunity out in the 
world for the exercise of her various talents. Especially 
w^U there be an urgent call for her to act as guide, philoso- 
pher and friend of aspiring youth, but wiser will be her 
guidance, more practical her philosophy, more potent her 
friendship if she is a sorority girl, for through association 
wdth the different members of her chapter she has gained a 
knowledge of human nature such as can come only from 
being in intimate touch with many lives and mam^^ minds. 
To sum up, in the case of the second generation of college 
girls the sorority is essentially an individualizing and har- 
monizing agency. 

With so much of accomplishment to its credit in the 
past, with so much more to be done in the present, the 
sorority may look forward to the future with courage, 
confident that its existence in the college fills a want that 
can be met in no other or better way. Ever present is the 
freshman in need of kindly counsel, ever present the upper 
class woman in need of the humanizing and vitalizing touch 
the giving of disinterested advice can bestow, Ever present, 
as a result of the high pressure demands of scholastic work, 
is the need of a simple social life as a safety valve, ever 
present amid the multitudinous distractions of university 
life, the need of a constant inspiration to fine scholarship, 
ever present at all times the need of supplementing the 
college in its preparation for the serious work of life. 



The Mission of thk Sorority* 6i 

The sorority of itself, in what it stands for, and in what 
it tries to do, is unimpeachable. Individual members may 
be guilty occasionall}^ of little indiscretions, but lapses of 
this kind will be fewer as the years go on^ for the Visiting 
Delegate, by demanding excellence in classroom records, 
by insisting on indications of a proper college spirit and a 
proper chapter pride, by expecting a fine regard for the best 
social observances, by emphasizing the importance of sim- 
plicity, sincerity and sympathy on the part of the members 
in their relation to one another and to other college women, 
calls the chapter's attention to the high ideals that the order 
has placed before itself, and incidentally paves the way for 
the sorority as a whole to be highly respected by student 
body and faculty. The sorority, as was most natural under 
complex conditions, has given rise to some problems, but 
such as are at all serious will soon no longer exist, for the 
Inter- Sorority Conference has already demonstrated its 
ability to cope with them. The sorority in the past has 
been the cause of some needless anxiety on the part of 
faculties, but there wnll be little occasion for uneasiness or 
apprehension in the future, because faculties generally have 
awakened to a realization of the fact that the organization 
can be made a most invaluable assistant in all reforms, 
experiments, or enterprises that the administration may 
wish to undertake and which may depend for their ultimate 
success upon the hearty cooperation of the student body. 

The sorority, then, by reason of its past achievements, 
its present potentialities, its future possibilities, is deserving 



62 The MIvSsion of the Sorority. 

of a ver^- royal welcome whenever it decides to enter a 
college or university, because its advent means that a num- 
ber of students have banded together and pledged themselves 
to work unfalteringly and unflaggingly for high ideals, for 
uoble aims. The tiny jewel that sparkles upon the breast 
of each member is an outward and visible sign of an inward 
and spiritual grace that has enthroned itself in the heart and 
will be content with nothing short of the good, the true and 
the beautiful. 



Literary Sororities. 



Class A 



Alpha Chi Omega« 

October 15, 1885. 

Grand CounciL 
President, Mrs. Edward R. lyoud, Erie St., Albion, Mich, 
Vice-President, Mrs. Robert P. Howell, 1613 S. University 

Ave., Ann Arbor, Mich. 
Secretary, Imo Baker, Green St., Champaign, 111. 
Treasurer, Laura A. Howe, 912 North St., I^ogansport, Ind, 
Historian, Mabel Siller, 716 Clark St., Evanston, 111, 
Inspector, Mrs. Richard Tennant, 824 S* 5th St., Terre 

Haute, Ind* 
Editor, Mrs. William Wade, 2236 Ashland Ave., Indian- 
apolis, Ind. 

Chapter RolL 

De Pauw University 
Albion College 
Northwestern University 
Allegheny College 



64 JdTERARY Sororities. 

New England Conservator}^ 
Universit}^ of Michigan 
University of Illinois 
University of Wisconsin 

Alpha Chi Omega has 8 college chapters and i alumnae 
association. The total membership is looo, the active 
membership loo, the average initiation 50. The badge is 
a lyre with Alpha Chi Omega emblazoned in gold on black 
enamel. The pledge pin is a small gold monogram of the 
three letters. The sorority has no national flag. Colors, 
Scarlet and Olive. Flower, Scarlet Carnation with Smilax. 
Jewel. None Open Motto, ^'Ye Daughters of Music, Come 
Up Higher." Insignia, Lyre. Patron, None. Call, None. 



Whistle, F^ ^-|M - fcB 



Magazine, The Lyre, 1896. 

Next Convention, Champaign, 111., Nov. 28-30, 1908. 



IriTERARY Sororities. ^5 

Alpha Gamma Delta. 

May 27, 1904. 

National Committee. 

Georgia Dickover, 18 W. Ross St, Wilkesbarre, Pa. 

Julia Brazos, Dean of Women, Wesle3^an UnivervSity. 

Marguerite D. Blackly, Spring Valley, 111. 

Jennie C. Titus, Camillus, N. Y. 

Clara fi. Lang, 85 Church St , Hartford, Conn. 

Chapter Roll. 

Syracuse University 
University of Wisconsin 
Wesley an University 

Alpha Gamma Delta has 3 college chapters, but no 
alumnae associations. The total membership is 68, the ac- 
tive membership 47, the average initiation 15. The badge 
is a monogram of the three Greek letters of the society ^s 
name. There is no official pin and no national flag. 

Colors, Red, Buff and Green. Flowers, Red and Buff 
Roses. Jewel, N'one. Open Motto, None. Insignia, None. 
Mascot, Squirrell. Whistle, Secret. 

Magazine to be published soon. 

Next Convention, Syracuse, N. Y., March 21, 1907. 



66 Literary Sororities. 

Alpha Omicron PL 

January 2, 1897. 

Grand Council. 
President, Adelma H. Burd, 5 Nassau St., New York City. 
Vice-President, Jeannette M. Wick, Matawan, N. J. 
Rec. SecV, Edith B. Fettretch, 335 W. 88th St., N. Y. C. 
Cor.Sec'y, Mrs. Geo.V. MuUan, University Heights, N.Y.C. 
Treas., Bertha Rembaugh, 1435 Popular St., Philadelphia, 
Doorkeeper, Jessie W. Hughan, 663 Quincy St., Brooklyn, 

N. Y. 
Historian, Mrs. George H. Perry, 8 West 109th St., NY.C. 
Chr. Com. New Chapters, Viola C. Gray, 1527 South 23rd 

St., Lincoln, Neb. 
Examiner, Dorothy Greve, 636 Douglass St., Chattanooga, 

Tenn. 
Editor, Jessie Ashley, 34 West 54th St., New York Cit^^ 



Roll. 

Barnard College 
Newcomb College 
New York University 
University of Tennessee 
Randolph-Macon Woman's College 
University of Nebraska 



lylTKRARY SORORITIKS. 67 

Alpha Omicron Pi has 6 college chapters and i alumnae 
association. The total membership is 250, the active mem- 
bership 100, the average initiation 40. The badge consists 
of the three letters of the sorority's name superimposed one 
upon the other in sequence with a ruby or garnet at the 
apex of the Alpha, though the rest of the pin may be 
jewelled in accordance with individual taste. The pledge 
pin is a sheaf of gold with the initial of the chapter engraved 
on the reverse side. The flag is a cardinal banner with the 
Greek letters in white. 

Color, Cardinal. Flower, Jacqueminot Rose. Jewel, 
Ruby. Open Motto, None. Patron, None. Call, None. 



Whistle, 



m ftm 



Magazine, To Dragma, 1905* 

Next Convention, New York, December 26-31, 1907* 



Alpha PhL 

October 20, 1872. 

General Board. 
President, I^rances Staver, Monroe, Wis* 
Vice-President, Mrs* Thomas Rockwell, 345 Davis St,, 
Evanston, 111. 



68 Literary Sororities. 

Cor. Sec, Mrs. F. W. Roe, 2018 Madison St., Madison, Wis. 
Rec. Sec, Ono M. Imhoff, 819 Irving Place, Madison, Wis. 
Treasurer, Gertrude Sherman, 176 Mason St., Milwaukee. 
Editor, Elizabeth S. Brown, Ann Arbor, Mich. 

Chapter Roll. 
Syracuse University 
Northwestern University 
Boston University 
DePauw University 
Cornell University 
University of Minnesota 
Woman' College of Baltimore 
University of Michigan 
University of Wisconsin 
Leland Stanford Jr., University 
University of California 
Barnard College 
University of Nebraska 

Alpha Phi has 13 college chapters and 7 alumnae 
chapters. The total membership is 1500, the active mem- 
bership 250, the average initiation 75. The badge is a 
monogram of the two Greek letters, Alpha and Phi, which 
give the society its name. The pledge pin is a small circu- 
lar badge of bordeaux enamel with the open motto in Greek 
between two bands of silver. The sorority has no national flag. 

Colors, Gray and Bordeaux. Flowers, Lilies-of-the-Val- 



Literary Sororities. 69 

ley and Forget-me-nots. Jewel, None. Open motto, Hand 
in Hand. Insignia, The Constellation of Ursa Major. 
Patron, None. Call None. 



Whistle. 




fJ'/Jjill 



Magazine, The Alpha Phi Quarterly, 1888. 

Next Convention, Madison, Wis., Oct. 29, -Nov. 2, 1908 



Alpha Xi Delta. 

April 17, 1893. 
Grand OflEicers. 

President, Mrs. J. R. Leib, 1271 W. Washington Street, 
Springfield, 111. 

Vice-President and Historian, Florence L. Grange, Ver- 
milion, S. D. 

vSecretary, Mary E. Kay, 75 S Union Ave., Alliance, O. 

Treasurer, Mary A. Power, Mt. Pleasant, la. 

Editor, Bertha G. Cleveland, Naples, N. Y. 

Chapter Roll. 

Lombard University 
Iowa Wesleyan University 
Mt. Union College 
Bethany College 



70 lyiTERARY Sororities. 

University of South Dakota 
Wittenberg College 
Syracuse University 
University of Wisconsin 
University of West Virginia 
University of Illinois 

Alpha Xi Delta has lo college chapters and 2 alumnae 
chapters. The total membership is 400, the active mem- 
bership 100, the average initiation 75. The badge is a quill 
with the society^s initials in raised and burnished gold on 
the feathers. The pledge pin is an ellipse of black enamel 
with the edge of bevelled gold, the Greek letters, Alpha Xi 
Delta, being in gold on the black background. The sorority 
has no national flag. 

Colors, Light and Dark Blue and Gold. Flower, Pink 
Rose, Jewel, None. Open Motto, None. Insignia, Quill. 
Patron, None. Call, Secret. Whistle, Secret. 

Magazine, Alpha Xi Delta, 1903. 

Next Convention. Morgantown, W.Va., Nov., 1907, 



IvITKKARY SORORITIKS. 7 1 

Chi Omega. 

April 5, 1895. 

Supreme Governing Council. 
S. H., Mrs. A. H. Purdue, Fayetteville, Ark. 
S. T. B., Jobelle Holcombe, Fayetteville, Ark. 
S. K. A., Jessie A. Parker, Olathe, Kans. 
S. N. v., Mary G. Miller, 203 N. Seventh St., Fort Smith, 

Ark. 
S. M., Mrs. H. F, Bain, 907 California Ave., TJrbana, 111. 
Editor, Mattie H. Craighill, 610 Court St., Iv3^ncliburg, Va. 

Chapter Roll 

University of Arkansas 
University of Mississippi 
Randolph-Macon Woman's College * 
Newcomb College 
University of Tennessee 
University of Illinois 
Northwestern University 
University of Wisconsin 
University of California 
University of Kansas 
University of Nebraska 
George Washington University 
Kentucky Universit}?^ 
Southwestern Baptist University 
University of Texas 



72 lyiTERARY Sororities. 

University of West Virginia 

University of Michigan 

University of Colorado 

Barnard College 

Colby College 
Chi Omega has 20 college chapters and 10 alumnae 
associations. The total membership is 1000, the active 
membership 300, the average initiation 150. The badge is 
a monogram. The Omega has a skull and cross-bones and 
an owl engraved upon its sides, while the arch bears the 
letters Rho, Beta, Upsilon, Eta, Sigma. The pledge pin is 
oblong, rounded at each end, enamelled in black, with the 
words Chi Omega in silver. The sorority has no national 
flag. 

Colors, Cardinal and Straw. Flower, White Carnation. 
Jewel, None. Open Motto, None. Insignia, Skull, Cross- 
Bones, Owl, Five, Laurel. Patron, Demeter. Call, A clear, 
high trill. 



Whistle, 



p^mr a 



Magazine, Eleusis, 1899. 

Secret Publication, Mystagogue, 1905. 

Next Convention, Chicago, 111., June, 1908. 



Literary Sororities. 73 

Delta Delta Delta. 

Thanksgiving Eve, 1888. 

Grand Council. 

President, Mrs. Egbert N. Parmelee, 918 Chase Ave., 

Rogers]Park, 111. 
Vice-Presidents, Mrs. Alonzo G. Howard, 1977 Centre St., 

West Roxbury, Mass. Myra Powers, Morris, 111. 

Mrs. J. E. Rhodes, 2508 Pleasant Ave. Minneapolis. 
Secretary, Marion E. P. Ball, 500 W. 121st St., N. Y. C. 
Treasurer, Merle Pickford, Eau Claire, Wis. 
Marshal, Mrs. Homer Hoch, Marion, Kans. 
Historian, Mrs. Frank K. Priddy, Adrian, Mich. 
Alliance Officer, Katherine Ratterman, 510 York St., 

Cincinnati, O. 
Editor, R. Louise Fitch, Galva, 111. 

Chapter Roll. 
Boston University 
Simpson College 
Knox College 
Adrian College 
St. Lawrence University 
University of Cincinnati 
University of Vermont 
University of Minnesota 



74 Literary Sororitiks 

University of Nebraska 

Baker University 

Wesley an University 

Northwestern University 

Ohio State University 

Syracuse University 

University of Wisconsin 

Woman's College of Baltimore 

University of California 

Barnard College 

Bucknell University 

University of Iowa 

University of Pennsylvania 

University of Mississippi 

Randolph- Macon Woman's College 

Delta Delta Delta has 23 chapters and 16 alliances, as 
the alumnae associations are called. The total membership 
is 1700, the active membership 400. the average initiation 
175. The badge is a crescent inclosing three stars and 
bearing three Deltas. The pledge pin is a trident. Mem* 
bers admitted to the Alliance Degree wear an equilateral 
triangle of white enamel, supporting on its sides three Deltas 
of gold and inscribed in a golden circle surrounded by six 
spherical triangles in blue enamel. The national flag is 
rectangular in shape and is composed of three vertical bars, 
t!ie first and third sea-green, one bearing three Deltas in 
white and the other three stars in white, the middle bar 



I^ITKKARY SOUORITIBS. 77 

white with a green pine tree upon it. 

Colors, Silver, Gold and Blue. Flower, Pansy. Open 
Motto, I^et Us Steadfastly I^ove One Another. Insignia, 
Trident, Stars, Crescent, Sea, Pine Tree. Patron, Posei- 
don. Call, Alala! Alala! Alala! Ta Hiera Poseidonia! 
Whistle, None. 

Magazine, The Trident, 1891. 

Secret Publication, The Triton, 1906. 

Next Convention, Lincoln, Neb., June, 1908. 

Delta Gamma. 

January 2, 1874. 

Grand Council. 

President, Rose F. Smith, 2419 Grand Avenue, I^os Ange- 
les, Cal. 

Vice-President, Grace R. Gibbs, 3 Ranson St., Hornells- 
ville, N. Y. 

Secretary, Ruth Rosholt, 1925 Penn Ave., South, Minnea- 
polis, Minn. 

Treasurer, Margaretha Sheppard, 225 Greenwood Boulevard, 
Evanston, 111. 

Editor, Grace Abbott, 705 W, ist St., Grand Island, Neb, 

Chapter Roll. 
Buchtel College 



7^ jLiterary Sororities. 

University of Wisconsin 

University of Minnesota 

Mt Union College 

Northwestern University 

Albion College 

Cornell University 

University of Michigan 

University of Colorado 

University of Iowa 

University of Nebraska 

Woman's College of Baltimore 

Iceland Stanford, Jr., University 

University of Indiana 

Syracuse University 

Washington State University 

University of California 
Delta Gamma has 17 college chapters, 5 alumnae chap- 
ters and 5 alumnae associations. The total membership is 
2100, the active membership 300, the average initiation 85. 
The badge is an anchor supporting upon its shank a shield 
of white enamel with the letters Delta Gamma in gold. On 
the stock, also of white enamel, are the three letters, Tau, 
Delta and Kta in gold. The pledge pin is a shield of white 
enamel similar to the one on the badge with the Greek 
letters Pi Alpha in gold. The sorority flag is to be adopted 
soon. 

Colors, Bronze, Pink and Blue. Flower, Cream-colored 



Literary Sororities. 77 

Rose. Jewel, None. Open Motto, None. Insignia, None 
Patron, None. Call, None. 



Whistle, 



i^^^m 



Magazine, The Anchora, 1884. 

Next Convention, Boulder, Colo., May, 1907. 

Delta SisnE^a* 

November 2, 1901. 

Grand I^odge. 
Names and addresses kept secret. 

Chapter Roll. 

Tufts College 
Brown University 
University of Maine 

Delta Sigma has 3 college chapters and 3 alum- 
nae associations. The total membership is 200, the 
active membership 50, the average initiation 20. The badge 
is a gold circle set with four diamonds and eight pearls. 
From the diamonds spring arcs of tangent circles which out- 



78 lyiTKRARY Sororities. 

line a depressed field of black enamel bearing the letters 
Delta Sigma in gold. The sorority has no pledge pin and 
no flag. Colors, Nile Green and White. Flower, Violet. 
Time and place of convention kept secret. 

Gamma Phi Beta. 

November ii, 1874, 
Executive Board. 

President, Gertrude C. Ross, 2904 State St., Milwaukee. 

Vice-President, Amy ly. Phelan, 1128 Tenth St., Sacra- 
mento, Cal. 

Secretary, Mrs. Thomas L. Berry, 1019 Hinman Ave., 
Evanston, 111. 

Treasurer, Mabel C. Stone, 410 University Ave., Syracuse, 
N. Y. 

Advisory, Marion D. Dean, 489 Swain's Pond Ave., Mel- 
rose, Mass. 

Advisory, Una A. Winterburn, 105 Riverside Drive, New 
York City. 



♦ * * 



Editor, Anna M. Dimmick, 26 N. Fourth St., Columbus, O. 

Chapter Roll 

Syracuse University 
University of Michigan 



Lll^KRARY SORORITIJ^S. 79 

University of Wisconsin 
Boston University 
Northwestern University 
Woman's College of Baltimore 
University of California 
University of Denver 
Barnard College 
University of Minnesota 
Washington State University 
Iceland Stanford, Jr., University 

Gamma Phi Beta has 12 college chapters and 6 
alumnae chapters. The total membership is over 1200, the 
active membership 250, the average initiation 100. The 
badge is a monogram of the three letters of the society's 
name, inclosed within a crescent of black enamel bearing 
in characters of gold the Hebrew word for ^*Four," The 
pledge pin is a crescent-shaped stick pin of brown enamel. 
The sorority has no national flag. 

Colors, lyight and Dark Brown. Flower, Carnation* 
Jewel, None. Open Motto, Founded on a Rock. Insignia 
Crescent. Patron, None. Call, none. Whistle, None 

Magazine, The Crescent, 1901. 

Next Convention, Syracuse, N. Y., Nov. 11 — i6j 1907. 



So Literary Sororities, 

Kappa Alpha Theta. 

January 27, 1870. 

Grand Council. 

President, Mrs. E. A. Garrettson, 4548 14th Ave., N. E. 

Seattle, Wash. 
Vice-Presidents, Mary W. Lippincott, Riverton, N. J. L. 
Pearle Green, Stanford University, CaL Mrs. Laura 
H. Norton, 2541 N. Paulina St., Chicago, 111. 
Secretary, I^. Pearle Green, Stanford University, Cal. 
Treasurer, Edith D. Cockins, 1348 Neil Ave., Columbus, O. 
Editor, Clara E. Fanning, 1107 Harmon Place, Minneapo- 
lis, Minn, 

Chapter Roll, 

DePauw University 
University of Indiana 
Butler College 
Wooster University 
University of Michigan 
Cornell University 
University of Kansas 
University of Vermont 
Allegheny College 
Albion College 
University of Nebraska 



lyiTERARY Sororities. 8t 

University of Toronto 
Northwestern University 
University of Minnesota 
Syracuse University 
University of Wisconsin 
University of California 
Leland Stanford, Jr., University 
Swarthmore College 
Ohio State University 
University of Illinois 
Woman's College of Baltimore 
Brown University 
Barnard College 
Vanderbilt University 
University of Texas 
Washington University 

Kappa Alpha Theta has 27 college chapters and 13 
alumnae associations. The total membership is 3500, the 
active membership 400, the average initiation 150. The 
badge is a shield, the outer edge gold, the inner portion, 
which is slightly raised, of black enamel. In the middle on 
a band of white are the society's initials in gold. Above 
are two stars set with diamonds and below in Greek the 
date of founding. There is no uniform pledge pin, an enam- 
elled pansy, or a gold monogram of the letters Kappa Alpha 
Theta being used. The sorority has no national flag. 



82 lylTKRARY SORORITIKS 

Colors, Black and Gold. Flower, Black and Gold 
Pansy. Jewel, None. Open Motto, None. Insignia, Stars, 
Keys, Scythe, Torch and Ermine. Patron, None. Call. 
None, 



Whistle, 



i 



±=f± 



Magazine, Kappa Alpha Theta, 1885. 

Next Convention, Probably Detroit, Mich., July, 1907. 

Kappa Delta. 

October 27, 1897. 

Grand Chapter. 

Anna C. Paxton, Buena Vista, Va. 

Mary S. Thomas, 1731 College St., Columbia, S. C. 

Frances Stokely, Montgomery, Ala. 

lyola Anderson, 304 Green St., Augusta, Ga. 

Pauline Embree, Buena Vista, Va. 

Editor, Katherine Lovejoy, Marietta, Ga. 

Chapter Roll. 
Virginia State Normal School 



Literary Sororities. 83 

HoUins Institute 

(Hollins, Va,) 

E.andolpli-Macon Woman's College 
Gunston Institute 

(Washington, D. C.) 

Fairmont Seminary 

(Washington, D. C) 

University of Alabama 
, St. Marys School 

(Raleigh, N. C.) 

Florida State College 
Judson College 

(Marion, Ala.) 

College for Women 

(Columbia, S. C.) 

Kappa Delta has 10 chapters, but no alumnae 
associations. The total membership is 350, the active mem- 
bership 160, the average initiation 80. The diamond-shaped 
badge displays a dagger, the sorority's initials and the 
letters A. O. T. in gold on a background of black enamel. 
The pledge pin is an open equilateral triangle of gold 
superimposed upon a dagger, straight lines connecting the 
centre of the base with the centre of each side. The flag 
is pennant-shaped, bearing the Greek letters Kappa Delta in 
olive green on a background of white. 

Colors, Olive Green and White. Flower, White Rose. 
Jewel, None. Open Motto, We Seek the Highest. Insig- 
nia, Skull, Cross-Bones, Skeleton, Dagger, Snake. Patron, 



84 Literary Sororities. 

None. Call, None. Whistle, None. 
Magazine, Angelos, 1904. 
Next Convention, Birmingham, Ala., Easter, 1907. 

Kappa Kappa Gamma. 

October 13^ 1870, 

Grand Council. 

President, Mary D. Griffith, 1529 Green St., Philadelphia. 
Secretary, George Challoner, 456 New York Ave,, Oshkosh 

Wis. 
Tressurer, Elizabeth Voris, 77 Fir St., Akron, O. 
Registrar, Edith Storer, 1529 Wabash Ave., Kansas City, 

Mo. 

* * * 

Editorj Mrs. Frederick W. Potter, Hillcrest, Peabody, Kans. 

Chapter Roll. 

University of Indiana 
Illinois Wesleyan University 
University of Wisconsin 
University of Missouri 
DePauw University 
Wooster University 
Buchtel College 
Butler College 






LlTRRARY SORORITIKS. 85 

University of California 
University of Minnesota 
Hillsdale College 
BOvSton University 
University of Iowa 
Northwestern University 
Adrian College 
Syracuse University 
Cornell University 
University of Kansas 
University of Nebraska 
Allegheny College 
Ohio State University 
University of Pennsylvania 
University of Michigan 
Barnard College 

Iceland Stanford, Jr., University 
Swarthmore College 
University of Illinois 
University of Colorado 
University of Texas 
Newcomb College 
Washington State University 
Adelphi College 
University of West Virginia 

Kappa Kappa Gamma has'33 college chapters and 31 
alumnae associations. The total membership is about 



86 Literary Sororities. 

4700, the active membership about 500, the average initia- 
tion 200. The badge is a key, bearing the society's initials 
and the date of founding in Greek. The pledge pin is a 
Delta of dark or light blue enamel bearing a Sigma in light 
or dark enamel. The sorority has no national flag. 

Colors, Light and Dark Blue. Flower, Fleur de Lis, 
Jewel, Sapphire. Open ?vlotto, None. Insignia, OwL 
Patron, Athena. Call, Hai Korai Athenes. Whistle. 
None. 

Magazine, The Key, 1882, 

Next Convention, Place undeirterniined, Aug. 26, 1908, 



Pi Beta PhL 

April 28, 1867. 

Grand Council. 

President, Elizabeth Gamble, 565 Cass Ave., Detroit, Mich, 
Vice-President, Mrs. May C. Reynolds, La Rue, O. 
Secretary, Elda L. Smith, 710 S. 6th St., Springfield, 111. 
Treasurer, Martha N. Kimball, University Park, Denver. 
Editor, Florence P. Robinson, 543 Marshall St., Milwaukee, 

Chapter Roll. 

Iowa Wesleyan University 
Lombard University 



lylTBRARY SORORITIKS. 87 

University of Kansas 
Simpson College 
Iowa State College 
University of Iowa 
Knox College 
University of Colorado 
University of Denver 
Hillsdale College 
Franklin College 
University of Michigan 
George Washington University 
Ohio University 
University of Minnesota 
New^comb College 
Swarthmore College 
University of Indiana 
Leland Stanford, Jr., University 
Middlebury College 
Ohio State University 
Northwestern University 
University of Wisconsin 
Bucknell University 
University of Nebraska 
University of Illinois 
Syracuse University 
Boston University 
Woman's College of Baltimore 
Butler College 



Sg Literary Sororitiks 

University of Vermont 
University of Missouri 
University of California 
University of Texas 
Dickinson College 
Barnard College 

Pi Beta Phi has 36 college chapters and 30 alumnae 
organizations. The total membership is 4500, the active 
membership 900, the average initiation 250. The badge is 
an arrow about an inch in length, bearing upon the feathers 
the Greek letters of the society's name. There is no official 
pledge pin, the letters Pi Beta Phi or I. C. being used for 
the purpose, the latter being the initial letters of the Latin 
motto that gave the society its first name. The flag is an 
oblong with lower edge indented. Connecting the opposite 
corners are curved lines which divide the field into three 
parts. The central portion is of silver blue bearing in its 
upper part a monogram of the letters I and C surrounded by 
a halo and below this a monogram of the letters Pi Beta 
Phi. The lower point is apparentlv pierced^by a gold arrow 
which overlaps the lateral sections of wine red. 

Colors, Wine Red and Silver Blue. Flower, Dark Red 
Carnation. Jewel, None. Open Motto, None. Insignia, 
Arrow. Patron, None. 



lyiTKRARY Sororities. 89 



Call, Ring Ching Ching! 
Ho Hippi Hi! 
Ra, Ro, Arrow! 
Pi Beta Phi! 



whM=. ^ ^g^ ^^i^^ i 



Magazine, The Arrow, 1885. 

Next Convention, New Orleans, Dec. 24 — 31, 1907. 

Sigma Kappa« 

November, 1874. 
Grand Officers. 

President, Mrs. George A. Marsh, 1219 Washington St., 

Hoboken, N. J. 
Vice-President, Joanna R. Parks, 495 N, Main St., Barre, 

Va. 
Secretary, Ruth B. Howland, Jordan, N. Y. 
Treasurer, Addie M. Lakin, Pleasant St., Waterville, Me. 
Executive Committee, Mary L. Pratt, Glean, N. Y. Edith 

N. Joy, 16 Watts St., Chelsea, Mass. Blanche M. 

Emory, Norridgewock, Me. 



90 lyiTKRARY Sororities. 

Chapter Roll. 

Colby College 

Boston University 

Syracuse University 

George Washington University 

Illinois Wesleyan University 

University of Illinois 

Sigma Kappa has 6 college chapters, but no alumnae 
associations. The total membership is 400, the active mem- 
bership 100, the average initiation 40. The badge is an 
equilateral triangle of gold fretwork, surrounding a raised 
triangle of maroon-colored enamel with the Greek letters 
Sigma Kappa in gold. The pledge pin is to be adopted 
soon. The sorority has no national flag. 

Colors, Maroon and I^avender. Flower, Violet. Jewel, 
None. Open Motto, One Heart, One'Way. Insignia, Dove 
and Serpent. Patron, None. Call, None. Whistle, None. 

Magazine, To be published soon. 

Next Convention, Syracuse, N. Y., April, 1907. 

Sigma Sigma Sigma. 

April 20, 1898. 
Grand Chapter. 
President, Rhea C. Scott, Ashland, Va. 



lylTEKARY vSoRORlTIKS. 9^ 

Vice-President, Harriet Wysor, Pulaski, Va. 
Rec. Secretary, Emma H Moffett, Lebanon, Ky. 
Cor. Secretary, Will L. Alexander, Searcy, Ark. 
Treasurer, Harriet Hankins, Williamsburg, Va. 
Editor, Lucy T. C. Stubbs, Williamsburg, V'a. 

Chapter Roll. 

Virginia State Normal School 
Lewisburg Female Institute 

(lycwisbarg, W. Va.) 

Randolph-Macon Woman's College 
University of Nashville 
HoUins Institute 

(Hollins, Va.*) 

Searcy Female Institute 

[Searcy, Ark,J 

Southwestern University 
Woman*s College 

[Frederick, Md.] 

Sigma Sigma Sigma has 8 chapters and 2 alumnae 
associations. The total membership is 250, the active mem- 
bership 100, the average initiation 50. The badge is an 
equilateral triangle with indented sides, the raised inner 
portion of black enamel having a Sigma in each corner and 
a skull and cross-bones in the centre. The pledge pin is the 
Greek letter Alpha. The sorority has no national flag. 

Colors, Purple and White. Flower, Violet. Jewel, 



92 Literary Sororities. 

None. Open Motto, Faithful unto Death. Insignia, Skull. 
Cross-Bones. Patron, None. Whistle, None. 
Chant, Rah! Rah! Rah! Ri! Ri! Ri! 

We're the Sigma Sigma Sigma, see! 
Who are we? Who are we? 
Girls of the Sigma Sorority! 
Magazine, The Triangle, 1905. 
Next Convention, Lookout Mt., Tenn., June, 1907. 

Zeta Tau Alpha. 

October 25, 1S98. 

Grand Chapter. 

President, Mrs. Wm. Emrys Davis, Jellico, Tenn. 
Vice-President, Mary C. Stuart, Cleveland, Tenn. 
Secretary, May A. Hopkins, Austin, Tex. 
Treasurer, Mrs. John T. Bradley, Jellico, Tenn. 
Historian, Olive Hinman, 36 N, Walnut St., East Orange, 

N.J. 
Editor, Grace Jordan, Fayetteville, Ark. 

Chapter Roll. 

Randolph- Macon Woman's College 
University of Arkansas 



lylTRRARY SORORITIKS. 93 

University of Tennessee 
Richmond College 
Bethany College 
Judson College 

Mariou, Ala. 

University of Texas 
Southwestern University 

Zeta Tail Alpha has 8 college chapters and i alumnae 
association. The total membership is 300, the active mem- 
bership 176, the average initiation 75. The badge, an 
artistically shaped shield, bears a crown in its centre, flanked 
by the letters Z. T. A. Below in Greek is the word Themis. 
The pledge pin is a five-pointed crown with the letters Z. T. 
A. raised or engraved. The sorority has no national flag. 

Colors, Turquoise and Gray. Flower, White Violet. 
Jewel, None. Open Motto-lSlone. Insignia, I, Crown, 
Balance, Book, Carpenter's Square, A, Dove with Olive 
Branch, Sword, Chain, Burning Taper. Patron, Themis. 
Call, None. Whistle, None. 

Magazine, Themis, 1903. 

Next Convention, Fayetteville, Ark., June 14- ^ 6, 1908. 



94 Literary Sororities. 

CLASS B. 

Alpha Kappa Psi, 

March i, 1900. 

Governing Body. 

Names and addresses kept secret. 

Chapter Roll* 

St Mary's School 

Raleigh, N.C. 

Virginia Female Institute 

Stauntou, Va. 

Fairmount School 

Mont Kagle, Tenn. 

Alpha Kappa Psi has 3 chapters, but no alumnae 
associations. The total membership is 75, the active 
membership 40, the average initiation 20. The badge is 
an equilateral triangle of wedgewood blue and gold engraved 
with the Greek letters of the society's name. The society 
has no pledge pin. The flag is a pennant of wedgewood 
blue bearing a facsimile of the badge in gold. 

Colors, Wedgewood Blue and Gold. Flower, Forget- 
me-not. Insignia, Skull and Cross-Bones. 



I 



Literary Sororities- 95 

Alpha Sigma Alpha. 

November 15, 1902. 

Grand Chapter. 

President, Edna V. Elcan, Sheppards, Va. 
Vice-President, Jeanne D. Pelham, Newberry, S/C. 
Secretar3^ Effie E, Mealy, Morgantown, W. Va. 
Historian, I<ucy H. Daniel, Charlotte, C. H., Va. 

Priestess, Calva H. Watson, Jennings Ordinary, Va. 

* * * 

Editor, Martha A. Wilson, Box 840, Charleston S. C. 

Chapter Roll. 

Virginia State Normal School 
Eewisburg, Female Institu:^ 

Lewisliurg. W. va. 

College for Women 

Columbia, S. C. 

Mary Baldwin Seminary 

Staunton, Va. 

Fairmont Seminary 

Washington, D. C. 

Ward's Seminary 

Warrenton, Va. 

Alpha Sigma Alpha has 6 chapters and i alumnae 
association. The total membership is 200, the active 



96 lyiTERARY Sororities' 

Miembership 60, the average initiation 30. The badge ivS a 
four-cornered shield with concave sides outlined with pearls. 
The inner of black enamel is slightly raised and bears the 
Greek letters of the society's name in gold acro^^s one 
diagonal. Above the Sigma is a gold crown and beneath 
it a gold star. The sorority has no pledge pin. The flag is 
a pennant half of garnet and half of gray, the letters made 
up of the tw^o colors, the upper half gra}^ against the garnet 
background and the lower half garnet against the gray, 

Colors, Garnet and Gray. Flower, Carnation. Jewel, 
Sapphire. Open Motto, To One Another Ever Faithful. 
Insignia, Star, Crow^n. Patron, Minerva. Call, None. 
Whistle, None. 

Magazine, Alpha Sigma Alpha Magazine, 1906. 

Next Convention, Columbia, S. C, Nov. 29-30, 1907. 

Beta Sigma Omlcron. 

December 12, 1888. 

Grand Council. 

President, Mary L,. lyackland, **Fairview'% Mexico, Mo. 
Vice-President, Rosamond Guthrie, Mexico, Mo. 
Secretary, Nelle Graves, Montgomery City, Mo. 
Treasurer, Sarah Leavell, Fulton, Mo. 
Editor, Nonie V. Mason, 116 W. nth St., Pueblo, Colo. 



LiTKRARY SORORITIKS 97 

Chapter Roll. 
Synodical College 

'Fulton, Mo,) 

Hardin College 

(Mexico. Mo.) 

Stephens College 

(Columbia, Mo.) 

Belmont College 

(Nashville, Tenn.) 

Mary Baldwin Seminary 

(Staunton, Va.) 

Fairmont Seminary 

(Washington, D. C.) 

Hamilton College 

(l^exington, Ky.) 

Beta Sigma Omicron has 7 chapters but no alumna e 
associations. The total membership is 373, the active 
membership 117, the average initiation 50. The badge is 
a gold monogram of the three Greek letters, the Beta inside 
the Omicron and the Sigma, jewelled, superimposed upon 
the Omicron. The pledge pin is a triangle of red enamel 
with a gold star in each corner and a Grecian lamp in the 
centre. The flag is composed of three horizontal bars> the 
centre one red and the two outside pink, The Greek letters 
of the society's name are in red upon the upper pink bar. 
On the lower pink bar are three stars in red. The official 
banner is triangular, broadly banded with red and with a 
pink centre. The sorority's letters are in pink and are 
placed in the corners. The date of founding, 1888, is in red 
in the centre of the pink field. 



98 LiTEKARY SOKOKITIES. 

Colors, Ruby and Pink. Flower, Red Carnation, 
Jewel, Ruby/'' Open Motto, *'We live to do good '' Insignia 
Stars, Covenant, I^amp, Laurel. Patron, None. Call^ 
None. 



Whistle, 



g^ ^ ^^4^^ 



Magazine, The Beta Sigma Omicron, 1905. 
Next Convention, Nashville, Tenn., June, 1907. 

Gamma Beta Sigma. 

Novembers, 1900. 

Governing Body. 

Names and addresses kept secret. 

Chapter Roll. 
St. Mary's School 

Raleigh, N. C. 

Edgewood School 

Baltimore, Md. 

Columbia Institute 

Columbia, Tenn. 

Gamma Beta Sigma has 3 chapters but no alumnae 
associations. The badge is^a seven-pointed star inclosed 



lyWERARY Sororities. 99 

within a regular hectagon. The society has no pledge pin 
The flag is a pennant in the society's colors bearing a 
facsimile of the badge. 

Colors, Purple and Gold. Flower, Violet. Insignia, 
Skull Cross-Bones, Skeleton, Seven-pointed Star, Black 
Cat, 

Phi Mu Camma« 

October 17, 1898. 

Grand Officer. 

Krmina Gedge, Evanston, 111. 

Chapter Roll. 

HoUins Institute 

HoUins, Va. 

Miss Ely's School 

New York City 

Miss Graham's School 

New York City 

Brenau College 

Gainesville, Ga. 

Judson College 

Marion, Ala. 

Phi Mu Gamma has 5 chapters but no alumnae 
association. The total membership is 250, the active mem- 
bership 60, the average initiation 25. The badge consists 
of three graduated shields superimposed one above the other. 
Thelargest is of gold and is set with pearls and turquoise. 



loo lyiTERARY Sororities. 

Upou this rests a shield of black enamel and upon the latter 
another of gold, bearing the Greek letters of the society's 
name in black enamel. The pledge pin is a bar of gold, 
either plain or jewelled bearing the same three letters in black 
enamel. The flag is an elongated triangle of turquoise blue 
with black letters. 

Colors, Turquoise Blue and Black. Flower, Forget- 
me-not. Jewel, Pearl. Open Motto, Know Thyself. 
Insignia, Shield, Skull, Cross-Bones. Patron, Diana. 

Yell, Raw bones! Saw bones! 
Skull and Cross bones! 
Sis! Boom! Bah! 
Phi Mu Gamma! rah! rah! rah! 

Magazine, The Shield, 1907. 

Next Convention, Louisville, Ky., June, 1907. 

Musical Sororities. 

The first of this class was Alpha Chi Omega founded at 
De Pauw University in 1885 under the special patronage of 
Dean James L. Howe of the College of Music. Dean Howe 
believed so thoroughly in the advantages of these organiza- 
tions that in 1892 he lent his aid to the establishment of a 
second similar society called Phi Mu Epsilon. Alpha Chi 
Omega has always been most progressive and has grown 
rapidly. In 1903 it made a striking change in its policy, 
for instead of confining itself strictly to the colleges of music 



MusiCAi. Sororities. loi 

affiliated with the institutions where its chapters were 
located, it admitted such students from the liberal arts 
departments as were taking courses in music. By becoming 
Musical-Iviterar3% as it is now called, it competes with the 
academic sororities and in consequence has been admitted 
to the Inter- Sorority Conference. 

Phi Mu iipsilon remained a local for ten 3^ears, 
establishing its second chapter at Syracuse in 1902. Its 
badge was a harp with three strings across which ran a 
ribbon of black enamel bearing the sorority's initials in 
gold. Its colors were lavender and white, its flower the 
white rose. In 1906 it affiliated with Mu Phi Epsilon, which 
was founded in 1903 at fthe Metropolitan College of Music 
located at Cincinnati by Dean W. S. Sterling, Elizabeth 
Matthias of the faculty and Calvin Vos, lavv^yer and member 
of Sinfonia and Phi Delta Theta fraternities. 

The musical sorority always labors under the disadvant- 
age of drawing its material from a department where the 
average student remains only tv/o years. Its influence, 
however, is very potent in holding its membeis to high 
standards of work along their chosen line. 

Mu Phi EpslloB. 

November 13, 1903. 

Governing Council. 
President, Myrtal C. Palmer, Converse College, Spartanburg, 
S. C. 



I02 MusiGAL Sororities, 

Vice-President^ Florence B. Scovill, 72 Adams St., East 

Detroit, Mich. 
Secretary, Elizabeth Mathias, 1052 Ohio Avenue, 

Cincinnati, O. 
Treasurer, Margaret Kreigh, Greencastle, Ind. 
Historian, lionise B. Perry, Atlantic Christian College, 

Wilson, N. C. 

Chapter Roll. 
Metropolitan College of Music 

Cincinnati, O. 

New England Conservatory 
University of Michigan 
Conservatory of Music 

Detroit, Mich. 

Collingwood Conservatory 

Toledo, O, 

De Pauw University 
Syracuse University 
United Conservatory of Music 

St* lyouis, Mo. 

Chicago Conservatory 

Mu Phi Epsilon has 10 chapters and 7 alumnae clubs. 
The total membership is 450, Ihe active membership 125, 
the average initiation 75. The badge consists of a jewelled 
triangle bearing the Greek letters in the angles and support* 
ng another of black enamel ornamented with a lyre in gold. 



Music Ai, Sororities. 103 

Tke pledge pin and flag have not been adopted yet. Colors, 
Royal Purple and White. Flower, Violet. Jewel, 
Amethyst. Open Motto, None. Insignia, I^yre and 
Triangle. Patron, None. 

Yell, Hei! Yei! Yei! Hei! Yei! Yon! 
Mu Phi, Mu Phi Epsilon! 



^w*. Cyj-JJg ^ ^^ j^ 



Question. Answer. 

Magazine, Mu Phi Epsilon Year Book, 1905. 
Next Convention, Ann Arbor, Mich., May, 1907, 

Sigma Alpha Iota* 

June 12, 1903, 

Grand Ofl&cers. 

President, Edna O. I^owry, 237 S. Ingalls St., Ann Arbor. 
Vice-President, Blanche Abbott, East Washington St., Ann 

Arbor. 
Secretary, Estella T. Edwards, Thompson St., Ann Arbor. 
Treasurer, Edith Wadhams, 331 Thompson St., Ann Arbor. 



I04 Musical Sororitiks. 

Chapter Roll. 

University of Michigan 
Northwestern University 
American Conservatory of Music 
(Chicago, 111.) 

Sigma Alpha Iota has 3 chapters and i alumnae club. 
The total membership is 100, the active membership 40, the 
average initiation 20. The badge consists of seven gold Pan 
pipes. surrounded by a jewelled ellipse bearing the sorority's 
initials in gold on black enamel. The societ\^has no pledge 
pin and no flag. 

Colors, Red and White, Flower, Red Rose. Jewel, 
Pearl. Open Motto, Vita Brevis, Ars lyonga. Insignia, Pan 
pipes, Ellipse. Patron, None. Call, None. Whistle, 
Shepherd's Call from Tannhauser. 

Next Convention, Ann Arbor, Mich., May, 1907. 

Medical Sororities. 

The medical sororities are not numerous, for the number 
of women students enrolled in the medical schools is still 
comparatively small. Opportunities for professional training 
along this special line are not lacking, as may be seen by a 
glance at the rolls of the sororities listed under this head, 
but it is the liberal education that seems to appeal to the 



Mkdicai, Sororities. 105 

iiiajority of girls who continue their studies beyond the 
secondary school. 

The first medical sorority was Alpha Epsilon Iota 
founded in 1890. It was without a rival for a decade and at 
present has only one, Zeta Phi, for Epsilon Tau is confined 
to schools of homoeopathy. 

Alpha Epsilon Iota. 

February 26, 1890. 
Grand Chapter. 

President, Dr. Adelaide Brown, 1727 Washington St,, San 

Francisco, Cal. 
Secretary, Mrs. Armincia Sears Hill, 2427 Prairie Ave., 

Chicago, 111, 
Treasurer, Dr. Minerva Goodman, Stockton, Cal. 

Chapter Roll. 

University of Michigan 
Rush Medical College 

(Chicago, 111.) 
Laura Memorial Medical School 

(Cincinnati, O.) 
College of Physicians and Surgeons 
(Chicago, 111.) 



io6 Medical Sororities. 

University of Minnesota 
Cooper Medical College 

(San Francisco, Cal.) 
Cornell University Medical School 
Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania 
University of Calffornia 

Alpha Epsilon lota^has 9 chapters, The total member- 
ship is 400, the active membership 100, the average initia- 
tion 40. The badge is a five-pointed star of black enamel 
with the letters of the society's name in the three lowest 
angles. Above is a serpent's head. 

Colors. Black,' White and^ Green. "J^Flower, White 
Carnation. 

Next Convention, November-29-3o, 1908. 

Epsilon Tail. 

November 4, 1898. 
National organizatfon not yet effected. 

Chapter Roll. 
Boston University 

Chicago Hahneman Medical College 
Ncvv York Woman's Medical College 
Colors, Fern Green" and White. Flower, White 
Carnation. 



Music Ai, Sororitiks 107 

Zeta Phi. 

May 29, 1900. 

General Officers. 

President, Dr. LoisE. Gannett, Adams, N. Y. 
'Vice-President, Gladys Henry, 2025 Maryland Ave., 

Baltimore, Md. 
Secretary, Dr. Anna B. White, Norwich, N.ljY. 
Treasurer, Phoebe M. Bogart, 144 Jackson Place, Baltimore. 

Chapter Roll. 

Syracuse University Medical School 
Woman's Medical College of Penns34vania 
Johns Hopkins Medical School 

The total niembersnip is 100, the active membership 
25, the average initiation 10. The badge is a quatrefoil of 
black enamel, bearing a caduceus with wings and rod iti 
white and serpents in gold. The letters Zeta and Phi 
appear in white to left and right of the caduceus. 

Colors, Black, White and Gold. Flower, Daisy. 

Next Convention, November, 29-30, 1908. 



I08 NECROI.OGY OF ChAPTKI^S 

NECROLOGY OF CHAPTERS. 

Pi Beta Phi. 

Monmouth College 1867-84, DePauw University 1 868-68, 
South Iowa Normal School 1881-87, Carthage College 1882- 
88, York College 1884-88, Callanan College 1886-89, Hast- 
ings College 1887-87. 

Kappa Alpha Theta. 

Moore's Hill College 1871-74, Illinois Weslej^an tJniver 
sity 1875-95, Ohio University 1876-86, Simpson College 
1879-91, Ohio Wesleyan University 1881-81, Hanover Col- 
lege 1882-99, Wesleyan University 1883-87, University of 
Southern California 1887-95, University of the PacifiG 1889- 
90* 

Kappa Kappa Comma. 

Monmouth College 1870-78, St, Mary's School 1871-74 
Smithson College 1872-75, Rockford Seminary 1874-76, 
Franklin College I879-84, St. I^awrence University 1879-98, 
Ohio Wesleyan University 1879-84, I^assell Seminary 1880- 
82 J Simpson College 1881-90, University of Cincinnati 
1885-85. 



Necrology of Chapters 109 

Delta Gamma. 

Warren Female Institute* 1874-89, Water Valley Semi- 
nary 1876-80, Peabody High School, Fairmount, Tenn., 
1877-?, Bolivar College 1878-?, Franklin College 1878-?, 
Hanover College 1881-?, Fulton, Mo. Synodical College 
1882-?, St, Lawrence University 1883-86, Adelbert College 
1883-88, University of Southern California 1887-97. 

(Where dates are missing', it indicates that the sorority's records are incom- 
plete on those points. All such chapters were short lived, probably not more 
ban two years or so,) 

"^ Known also as Louis Institute and Oxford (Miss.) 
Female Institute. 

Alpha Chi Omega. 

University of Southern California, 1895-97, Bucknell 

University, 1898-99. 

Delta Delta Delta, 

University of Michigan, 1894- 1900. 

Chi Omega. 

Jessamine Female Institute, 1898- 1902, Hellmuth 
Woman's College, 1899-1900, Belmont College, 1899-1903. 



I lo Necrology of Chapters 

Zeta Tau Alpha. 

Virginia State Normal School, 1898- 1906, Hannah 
Moore Academy, 1900-04, Mary Baldwin Seminary, 1904- 
06. 

Beta Sigma Omicron. 

Christian College, 1888-94,* Missouri Valley College, 
1892-93, Sedalia, Mo., High School, 1898-1906, Pueblo, 
Colo., High School, 1902 06. 

This college is located at Columbia, Mo., and the chapter roll included 
some who were students at the University of Missouri during these years. 

Alpha Sigma Alpha. 

Fauquier Institute, 1905-06. 

Honorary Societies. 

The honorary Greek-Letter societies number four, Phi 
Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, Phi Kappa Phi and Tau Beta Pi. 
Phi Beta Kappa was originally a secret fraternity, in 
practically all respects like those of the present time, but 
owing to force of circumstances, its secrets became known 
and it gradually assummed a new character. The three 
others, all founded within the last twenty years, were copied 



Honorary Societies hi 

directly from Phi Beta Kappa with such changes as special 
needs demanded. 

Phi Beta Kappa stands fcr a liberal culture as repre- 
sented by the humanities, Sigma Xi seeks to exalt 
scientific studies to a place of honor among the humanities, 
Phi Kappa Phi aims to recognize high rank in any 
department of collegiate education, Tau Beta Pi, the only 
honorary society to exclude women, is similar in character 
to Sigma Xi and some steps have been taken to effect a 
union of the two in the hopes that the advancement of 
higher scientific education may receive an even greater 
impluse than that given by both working independently. 

PM Beta Kappa. 

Phi Beta Kappa was founded by five students at the 
College of William and Mar^^ Williamsburg, Va., on 
Decembers, 1776. Its avowed purpose was '*A happy spirit 
and resolution of attaining the important ends of society- ' . 
With this aim in view much attention was given to essays 
and debates with an occasional banquet as an outlet for the 
youthful spirits of the members. The society was essentially 
secret, had a most binding oath of fidelity and a peculiar 
token of saluation. The original records give no clue to 
the source from which came the inspiration to form this 
vSecret Greek- Letter society, but the philosophical clubs then 
so common among the students at French and German 



112 Honorary Societies. 

universities may have led;' the founders to establish an 
organization that should stand for good fellowship. Then> 
too, the stirring limes in which they lived, the burning oratory 
of Virginia patriots, the ver^^ Declaration of Independence 
itself, doubtless suggested the value of a united brotherhood. 
Early provision was made for placing branches else- 
where, for the organizers believed it was ^^Repugnant to the 
liberal principles of Societies that they should be confined 
iQ any particular place, Men or Description of Men, but that 
they should be extended to the wise and virtuous of every 
degree and of whatever country " . There are records to 
show that the Beta, Gamma and Delta charters were granted 
to students at other colleges in Virginia, but none to indicate 
that such chapters ever existed. The War of the Revolution 
may have put an end to them as it did to the parent chapter. 
On January third, 1781, the British fleet appeared off the 
coast and three days later the last meeting was held. It is 
interesting to learn from history that nearly all of the fifty 
members enlisted in the Continent Army, that seventeen 
served in the State Legislature, that eight were members of 
the convention which ratified the Federal Constitution, that 
two became United StatesSenators and five Representatives, 
that many of the others were famous men in their day. 

No attempt was made to revive the chapter at William 
and Mary until 1849, but the reorganized society had ex- 
isted for scarcely more than a decade, when the Civil War 
broke out. Another attempt was made in 1895, and the 



Honorary Tocifties. 113 

mother chapter is now in a vigorous condition and likely to 
remain so for many a year. The suspension of meetings in 
1781 would in all probability have rung the death-knell of 
this most interesting organization had it not been for the 
fact that a Northern man, Elisha Parmale, Harvard, '79, 
went to Williamsburg for postgraduate work. Such an idea 
sounds strange today, but in colonial times William and 
Mary was the richest as well as the most thoroughly English 
of the colleges. Its Chancellors were the Bishops of lyon- 
don, its presidents their representatives. As the most pros-, 
perous college in the colonies it doubtless offered unusual 
opportunities along some lines. Mr. Parmale was initiated 
on July 31, 1779, and being strongly impressed with the 
possibilities for future growth, he asked for permission to es- 
tablish branches at Harvard and Yale. The charters were 
called the Alpha of Massachusetts Bay and the Alpha of 
Connecticut. Six years later these two chapters granted a 
chapter to Dartmouth and for thirty years these colleges con- 
stituted the roll. 

When the Morgan craze against Free Masonry wa$ 
arousing all New England, John Quincy Adams, Judge 
Story and other prominent men prevailed upon the Harvard 
chapter to give up its secrets. Edward Everett was sent to 
the Yale Chapter to secure acquiescence. The records say 
that **He touchingly set forth that the students of Harvard 
had such conscientious scruples as to keep them from tak- 
ing the oath of secrecy and the society life was thusendang- 



114 Honorary Societiks. 

ered. There was stout opposition, but the notion prevailed 
and the missionary returned to gladden the tender con- 
science of the Harvard boys/' 

The establishment of the chapter at Union College in 
1 817 gave rise to the fraternity s\ stem of the present time, 
because it led directly to the founding of Kappa Alpha in 
1825. The newer organizations with their charm of secre- 
cy appealed strongly to the undergraduates, and little by 
little, as greater emphasis was laid upon scholastic records 
and honor men alone were elected to membership in Phi 
Beta Kappa, it transpired that the mother of fraternities 
lost many of its original characteristics and came to stand, 
as it does today, for a brotherhood of scholars. *'For near- 
ly half a century'', wrote Edward Everett Hale in 1879, **it 
was the only society in America that could pretend to be 
devoted to literature and philosophy. And it happened, 
therefore, that in the infant literature of the nation some 
noteworthy steps are marked by orations and poems 
delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa", Among the famous 
men whose names have appeared upon the programs of the 
great public gatherings of the society are Adams, Everett, 
Stor}^, Sumner, Beecher, Wendell Philips, Webster, Choale, 
Bryant, Emerson, Holmes and Longfellow, The hundredth 
anniversary was noteworthy as suggesting the culmination 
of a movement that resulted in the formation in April of 
1877 of an alumnie association in New York City, know as 
the Phi Beta Kappa alumni. 

For more than a century the custom prevailed of 



Honorary Sociktiks. 115 

requiring the consent of all Alpha Chapters before a new 
Alpha could be established in a ne .v state, all subsequent 
charter grants in that state being dependent upon the will 
of the Alpha. This most unsatisfactory method of establish- 
ing new chapters, the impossibilit\^ of demanding uniform 
standards of scholarship, the entire lack of unity in a 
movement that was without definite organization the absence 
of any system of literary activity, were conditions generally 
deplored, but no attempt was made to evolve a national 
organization until the Harvard chapter celebrated its 
centenary on June 30, 1881. At this time the idea of 
a governing body was suggested and discussed, but no 
definite step taken. At a gathering, however, of delegates 
from sixteen chapters in New York, October 18, 1881, a 
resolution was made to recommxCnd a permanent and a 
representative form of government. At Saratoga Springs, 
September 6-7, 1882, delegates from fifteen chapters unani- 
mously adopted a constitution v/hich was eventually ratified 
by all the chapters. The organization was known hence- 
forth as 'The United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa". 

Under the present arrangement all applications for 
charters must be made to the Senators, a group of twenty 
prominent members of national reputation, who hold their 
office for six years. The charter grants depend to a large 
extent upon the recommendations of these men, but the 
final decision is made at the Triennial Convention, for no 
charters are issued without the consent of delegations 



ii6 Honorary Societies. 

representing a majority of chapters. Since the new consti- 
tution went into effect, the societ}^ has given evidence of 
greatly increased vigor. Eight triennial conventions have 
been held and thirty-nine charter grants have been made. 
Much has been done also to bring out the unification of the 
chapters and to secure higher standards. Only such 
institutions as grant the A. B. degree in regular course are 
eligible to charters and no charter is expected to elect to 
memberahip more than one-fourth of the graduating class. 
The recent movement to gather valuable historical data and 
to publish periodical literature is a most important one. 

Women were first admitted to membership about the 
year 1875 by the chapter at the University of Vermont. The 
Cornell chapter has never made any sex distinction since its 
organization in 1882. The number of women on the rolls, 
however, was very small up to the year 1890, for until that 
time few chapters existed at colleges open to them, The 
decision of the past two conventions to grant charters to 
independent colleges for women indicates that Phi Beta 
Kappa is well on the road to becoming truly representative 
of the highest scholarship in the United States. 

Sigma XL 

The Society of the Sigma Xi, as it is known officially, 
was founded at Cornell University in November, 1886, by a 
few earnest workers in the Engineering Sciences. Owing to 



Honorary Societies. ny 

an unfortunate laxity in keeping the early records, the exact 
date of organization is not known. 

The aim of the society, as indicated in the motto, 
Spoudon Xunones, Companions in Zealous Research, is to 
encourage original investigation in science, pure and applied, 
and to secure for scientific studies a place of honor among 
the humanities of a liberal culture. 

Chapters may be established at any institution offering 
courses of study in those subjects that it is the object of the 
society to promote, provided that these courses are substan- 
tially equivalent to the usual four years college course. 
The active membership is composed ef resident professors, 
instructors, graduate students and seniors. The last may 
never be more than one-fifth of the class. 

Provision has also been made for alumni chapters, which 
may be established any where upon the application of five 
members of collegiate chapters. Alumni chapters have the 
right of suffrage at the convention and may elect to mem- 
bership graduates of other institutions of learning at which 
the society has no chapters. 

The admission of women is optional with each chapter, 
but it is the universal custom to make no distinction on 
account of sex. 

Phi Kappa Phi. 

Phi Kappa Phi was founded at the University of Maine, 
July 14, 1897. The motto means ''The Love of I^earning 



ii8 Honorary Socikties. 

Rules the World" and the aim of the incorporaters was ^^to 
provide a Fraternity, dedicated to the Unity and Democracy 
of Education and open to honor graduates of all departments 
of American Universities and Colleges". All candidates for 
a baccalaureate or higher degree, without distinction as to 
sex, are eligible to membership in their senior year, provided 
their scholarship entitles them to rank in the first third of 
the class. 

All applications for charters must be made to the Board 
of Regents, which is a sort of executive committee composed 
of the president general, the secretary general and three 
others. These five men have the power to investigate all 
applications and to make all charter grants. Active chapters 
may be established at universities and colleges **of good 
standing". Alumni chapters have as many votes in the 
convention as the active chapters, but have never received 
the right to elect new members to the fraternity, 

Phi Beta Kappa. 

December 5, 1776. 
Officers. 

President, Hon. John A. DeRemer, lyly. D., Schenectady, 
N. Y. 

Vice-President, Rev. Eben B. Parsons, D. D., Williams- 
town, Mass. 



Honorary Socie'Tiks. 119 

Secretary and Treasurer, Rev. Oscar M. Voorhees, High 
Bridge, N. J. 

Chapter Roll. 

William and Mary College 

December 5, 1776 
Yale University 

April 1 78 1 
Harvard University 

September 5, 1781 
Dartmouth College 

August 20, 1787 
Union College 

May I, 1817 
Bowdoin College 

February 22, 1825 
Brown University 

July 2, 1845 
Wesleyan University 

July 7, 1845 
Adelbert Co. lege 

October 28, 1847 
' University of Vermont 

March 7, 1848 
Amherst College 

August 9, 1853 
Kenyon College 



i20 Honorary Societiks. 

June 29, 1858 
New York University 

December 23, 1858 
Marietta College 

June 9, i860 
Williams College 

July 30, 1864 
College of the City of N. Y. 

July 24, 1867 
Middlebury College 

August 7, 1868 
Rutgers College 

February 22, 1869 
Columbia University 

April 22, 1869 
Hamilton College 

May 24, 1870 
Hobart College 

July 6, 1 87 1 

Colgate Univereity 

June 19, 1878 
Cornell University 

May 28, 1882 
Dickinson College 

April 13, 1887 
Lehigh University 

April 15, 1887 



Honorary SociKTiKsr i^i 

Rochester University 

April 20, 1887 
DePauw University 

December 17, 1889 
Northwestern University 

February 18, 1890 
University of Kansas 

April 2, 1890 
Lafayette College 

April 5, 1890 
Tufts College 

November 18, 1891 
University of Minnesota 

December 13, 1892 
University of Pennsylvania 

December 9, 1892 
Johns Hopkins University 

October 10, 1895 
University of Iowa 

September 30, 1895 
University of Nebraska 

December 23, 1895 
Colby College 

January 3, 1896 
Syracuse University 

February 10, 1896 
Swarthmore College 

June 9, 1896 



122 Honorary Sociktiks^ 

Wabash College 

November 7, 1898 
University of California 

December 23, 1898 
Vassar College 

April 7, 1898 
Haverford College 

Jannary 20, 1899 
University of Wisconsin 

February 2, 1899 
Boston University 

February 8^ 1899 
Cincinnati University 

April II, 1899 
Princeton University 

June 7, 1899 
St. lyawrence University 

June 24, 1899 
Chicago University 

July I, 1899 
Vanderbilt University 

November 5, 1901 
University of Missour 

December 5, 1901 
Allegheny College 

February 18, 1902 
University of Colorado 

October 18, 1904 



Honorary Sociktiks 123 

Smith College 

October 19, 1904 
lyeland Stanford, Jr. University 

November i, 1904 
University of North Carolina 

November 7, 1904 
Colorado College 

November 11, 1904 
Wellesiey College 

November 14, 1904 
Ohio State University 

December 8, 1904 
Mt, Holyoke College 

January 30, 1905 
University of Texas 

February 21, 1905 
Woman's College of Baltimore 

February 24, 1905 

The badge was at first a square silver medal bearing 
on one side the letters S. P. and on the other the Greek 
letters of the society's name. Early in the northern history 
of the order the familiar watch key pattern of the present 
day was adopted. On one side are the Greek letters, which 
standfor the words Philosophia Biou Kubernetes, Philosophy 
the Guide of Life, and a hand pointing to one or more stars. 
The reverse bears the letters S. P. which means Societa 



124 Honorary Societies. 

Philosophica, the owner's name, college and class. The 
date of founding, December 5, 1776, appears on either side 
as taste dictates. Sometimes the S and P are arranged in a 
monogram, again side by side within a laurel wreath. 
There is no general rule governing the number of stars. 
The original number was three. Seven appeal to many 
chapters as the symbol of completeness, but certain states 
prefer to have each new branch add a star to the constellation. 
The number varies greatly from the single star used by the 
chapter at the University of Colorado to the ten required by 
the one at Rutgers College. 

Original Colors, Green and Pink. 
(Never formally adopted by the United Chapters.) 
Next Convention, Saratoga Springs, N. Y., September, 
1907, 

Sigma XL 

November, 1886. 

Officers. 

President, Edward L. Nichols, Ph. D., Cornell University. 
Vice-President, Thomas H. Macbride, Ph. D., Iowa State 

University. 
Rec. Secretary. William Trelease, S. D., Shaw School of 

Botany. 



Honorary Societip:s, 125 

Cor. Secretary, Henry B. Ward, Ph. D., University of 

Nebraska 
Treasurer Lucien M, Underwood, Ph. D., Columbia 

University. 

Chapter Roll. 

Cornell University 

November, 1886 
Rensslaer Polytechnic Institute 

April, 1887 
Union College 

May 27, 1887 
University of Kansas 

April 21, 1890 
Yale University 

March i, 1895 
University of Minnesota 

May 13, 1896 
University of Nebraska 

June 5, 1897 
Ohio State University 

Records destroyed by fire 
University of Pennsylvania 

March 20, 1900 
Brown University 

May 9, 1900 



126 Honorary Societies. 

University of Iowa 

November 14, 1900 
Leland Stanford, Jr., University 

December 16, 1901 
University of California 

Februar^^ 19, 1902 
Columbia University 

December 19, 1902 
Chicago University 

June I, 1903 
Univeisity of Anchigan 

June 4, 1903 
University of Illinois 

December 17, 1903 
Case School of Applied Science 

October i, 1904 
University of Indiana 

November 30, 1904 
University of Missouri 

May 12, 1905 
University of Colorado 

Ma}^ 20, 1905 
Northwestern University 

January 11, 1906 
Syracuse University 

May 18, 1906 



Honorary Societies, 127 

The badge is a watch-chain pendant or charm of gold, 
consisting of a Sigma, either plain or jewelled, superimposed 
upon a Xi. It is not entirely satisfactory to the members 
and the Convention of 1904 favored a change, but no 
decision was reached The seal is a laurel wreath surround- 
ing ten stars and a lamp of research. 

Colors, Electric Blue and White. 

Next Convention, Place undetermined, December 270,-3 
1907. 

Phi Kappa Phi. 

July 14, 1897, 

Officers. 

President, George E. Fellows, Ph. D., Orono, Me. 
Secretary, S. Francis Howard, M.S., Amherst, Mass. 
Registrar, James S. Stevens. M. S., Orono, Me. 
Treasurer, Benjamin Gill, M, A., D. D., State College, Pa. 
Board of Regents, Chas. W. Dabney, Ph, D., LL. D., 
University of Cincinnati. George E. Stone, Amherst, 
Mass. 

Chapter Roll. 
University of Maine 

July 14, 1897 
Pennsylvania College ^ 

April 15, 1899 



128 Association of Collegiate Alumnae. 

University of Tennessee 

May I, 1899 
Massachusetts Agricultural College 

May 13, 1904 
Delaware College 

January 13, 1905 

The badge, which may be worn as a pendant, pin, or 
medal, is a flattened globe, bearing the letters Phi Kappa 
Phi and surrounded by the rays of the sun arrangfed in 
eight groups. The seal is a facsimile of the badge 
surrounded by a circle, above which is a row of stars to 
indicate the number of chapters, and below the words, 
''Founded 1897.'' The ribbon of the fraternity is white 
bearing in black the letters of the fraternity and the walls of 
Troy. The gown is black with the ribbon on the front edge 
of the sleeves. 

Colors, Black and White, 

Next Convention, Place undetermined, September, 1908. 

The Association of Collegiate Alumnae. 

November, 1881 
General Officers. 

President, Mrs. Philip N. Moore, 3125 I^afayette Ave., St. 
Louis, Mo. 



ASi>OCIATlON OF CoLLKGIATK AlUMNAE. 



129 



Secretary, Sophcnisba P. Breckinridge, University of 

Caicago. 
Treasurer, Mrs, Elizabeth L. Clnrke, Williamstown, Mass. 



RolL 



1882. Boston, Cornell, Kansas, Mass. Inst. Technology, 
Michigan, Oberlin, Smith, Syracuse, Vassar, Wellesley, 
Wesleyan, Wisconsin. 1883. Northwestern. 1886. Cal- 
ifornia. 1890. Bryn Mawr. 1897. Chicago, Iceland 
Stanford, Jr., Minnesota, Radcliffe. 1899. Barnard, 
Nebraska, Western Reserve, 1902. Illinois. 1906. 
M ssouri. 

Branches. 



1883. Washington. 1886. Boston, California, New 
York, Philadelphia. 1889. Central New York, Chicago, 
Minnesota. 1890. Detroit, Eastern New York, Indiana, 
Western New York. 1891. Ohio. 1892. Connecticut, 
Rhode Island. 1893, Kansas City, St Louis. 1895. Pitts- 
burg. 1896. Milwaukee. 1898. Colorado. 1899. Virginia. 
1900. Southern New York, Nebraska. 1902, Ann Arbor. 
1903. Central Illinois, Iowa, Columbus. 1904, Seattle. 
1905. Oregon. 

Next Annual Meeting, Boston, November 7 9, 1907. 



130 Southern Association of Coi.i.hge Womkn. 
Southern Association of College Women. 

July, 1903- 
Ofl&cers. 



President, Grace W. Landrum, 87 East North Ave , 

Atlanta, Ga. 
Vice-Presidents, Lillian W. Johnson, Western College for 
Women. Celeste S. Parrish, State Normal 

School, Athens, Ga. Emilie W. McVea, University 

of Cincinnati. Imogene Stone, Newcomb College. 
Secretary and Treasurer, Beall Martin, 36 East North Ave. 

Atlanta, Ga. 

Roll. 

Alabama, Baltimore, Barnard, Boston, Bryn Mawr, 
California^ Chicago, Cornell, George Washington, Illinois, 
Kansas, Eeland Stanford, Jr., Mass. Inst, Technology, 
Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern, 
Newcomb, Oberlin, Radcliffe, Randolph-Macon, Smith, 
Syracuse, Tennessee, Texas, Vanderbilt, Vassar, Wellesley, 
Wesleyan, Western Reserve, West Virginia, Wisconsin. 

Chapters. 

1903. Knoxville, Ashville. 1904. New Orleans. 1905 . 
Georgia. 1906. Lexington, Ky., Oxford, Miss., Montgom- 
ery, Birmingham, Ala. 

Annual Meeting, New Orleans, December 28-31, 1907. 



Statistical Data. 131 

STATISTICAL DATA. 

Coeducational Colleges. 

With the exception of Oberlin College and Bates College, 
which are opposed to fraternity life in any form, and Ohio 
Wesleyan University and Colorado College, which admit 
fraternities but forbid even local societies among the women, 
there are practically no prominent coeducational colleges 
closed to sororities. The sixty-nine institutions in the 
following livS., to be sure, make up only one-fifth of the 
entire number of coeducational colleges mentioned by the 
United States Commissoner of Education, but of the other 
four-fifths many are so far from attaining the standardb set 
by the best colleges that the sororities are not ready to 
recognize them. Others that are of high grade have such a 
limited enrolment of women that sorority chapters seem 
unfeasible. 

Adelphi College. 

Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Nonsectarian; Opened 1896; Women admitted 1896; 
Valuation* $500,000; Endowment $113,000; P'aculty 30, 
Men 19, Women n; Students 491, Men 69, Women 422; 
Tuition $180; Expenses§ $300; Degrees, B. A., M. A., B. S. 
Motto — The truth shall make us free. 

^Grounds, Buildings, Apparatus. 

§ Average annual cost to students in addition to tuition^ 



132 Statistical Data 

Colors — Brown and Gold. 

Sororities, 1905, Kappa Kappa Gamma. 

Adrian College. 

Adrian, Mich. 

Methodist Protestant; Opened 1859; Women admitted 
1859; Valuation $200,000; Endowment $80,000; Faculty 15, 
Men 9, Women 6; Students 135, Men 70, Women 65; 
Tuition $15; Expenses $150; Degrees, B. A., B. S. , Ph. B,, 
B, I. , B. M., M. A., M. S., Ph. M. 

Motto — Let the truth shine. 

Colors — Yellow and Black. 

Sororities, 1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1890, Delta 
Delta Delta. 

University of Alabama. 

University, Ala. 

State; Opened 1831; Women admitted 1893; Valuation 
$350,000; Endowment $1,000,000; Faculty 40; Students 475, 
Men 425, Women 50; Tuition Free; Expenses $150; Degrees, 
A. B., B. S., A. B., M. S. 

Metto — None. 

Colors — Crimson and White. 

Sororities, 1904, Kappa Delta. 



Statisticai. Data 133 

Allegheny College. 

Meadville, Pa. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 18 15; Women admitted 
1877; Valuation $400,000; Endowment $455,000; Faculty 17, 
Men 14, Women 3; Students 268, Nen 190, Women 78; 
Tuition $60; Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., B. S. 
Motto — None. 
Colors — Navy Blue and Old Gold. 

Sororities, 1882, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1888, Kappa 
Kappa Gamma; 1891, Alpha Chi Omega. 

University of Arkansas. 

Fayetteville, Ark. 

State; Opened 1 871; Women admitted in 1871; Valuation 
$396,250; Endowment $130,000; Faculty 22, Men 21, 
Women i; Students 990, Men 700, Women 290; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $185; Degrees, B. A., B. S., C. E., M.S., 
M. A., M. E., E. E., B. Mus. 
Motto — None. 
Color — Cardinal. 

Sororities, 1895, Chi Omega; 1903, Zeta Tau Alpha. 

Baker University. 

Baldwin, Kan. 
Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1858; Women admitted 



134 Statistical Data 

1S58; Valuation $225,0(30; Endowment $50,000; Faculty 40, 

Men 25, Women 15; Students 983, Men 525, Women 458; 

Tuition $40; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S., 

B, L., B. Pd., A. M. 

Motto — Let him first be a man. 

Color — Cadmium. 

Sororities, 1895, Delta Delta Delta. 

Bethany College. 

Bethany, W. Va. 

Christian; Opened 1^41; Women admitted 1881; Valua- 
tion $200,000: Endowment $125,000; Faculty 18, Men 14, 
Women 4; Students 256, Men 190, Women 66; Tuition $36; 
Expenses $160, Degrees, A. B., A. M., B. S., B. L. 
Motto — None. 
Colors — White and Green. 

Sororities, 1903, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Zeta Tau 
Alpha. 

Boston University. 

Boston, Mass. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1873; Women admitted 
1873: Valuation $840,000; Endowment $1,028,250; Faculty 
148, Men 142, Women 6; Students 1324, Men 933, Women 
391; Tuition $125; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., I^itt. B., 
S. B., S. T. B., S. T. D., LE. B., J. B., EE. M. J. M., 



Statistical Data 135 

J. D., LI., D., M. D., M. B., Ch. B., A. M., Ph. D. 

Motto — None. 

Colors — Scarlet and White. 

Sororities, 1882, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1883, Alpha 
Phi; 1887, Gamma Phi Beta; 1888, Delta Delta Delta; 1896, 
Pi Beta Phi; 1904, Sigma Kappa; 1898, Epsilon Tau(Med.) 

Buchtel College. 

Akron, O, 

Universalist, Opened 1872; Women admitted 1872; 
Valuation $200,000; Endowment $175^000; Faculty 17, Men 
II, Women 6; Students 207, Men 91, Women 116; Tuition 
$40; Expenses $160; Degrees, A. B,, Ph. B., S. B. 
Motto — Let there be light. 
Colors— Navy Blue and Old Gold. 

Sororities, 1877, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1879, Delta 
Gamma. 

Butler College. 

Irvington, Ind. 

Christian; Opened 1855; Women admitted 1855; Valua- 
tion $250,000; Endowment $220,000; Faculty 16, Men 13, 
Women 3; Students 136, Men 60, Women 76; Tuition $45; 
Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., A. M. 
Motto — None. 
Colors — Blue and White. 



136 Statistical Data 

Sororities, 1878, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1879, Pi Beta 
Phi; 1906, Kappa Alpha Theta, 

University of California. 

Berkeley, Cal. 

State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valuation 
$3,77^388.87; Endowment $3,568,835.42; Faculty 364, Men 
358, Women 6; Students 3104, Men 1241, Women 1863; 
Tuition Free; Expenses $300, Degrees, A. B., B. E., B, S., 
M. A. M. S., M. E., Ph. D., M. C. E., M. E., Mech. E., 
M. D. 

Motto— Eet There be Eight. 
Colors — Blue and Gold. 

Sororities, 1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1890, Kappa 
Alpha Theta; 1896, Gamma Phi Beta; 1900, Delta Delta 
Delta; 1900, Pi Beta Phi; 1901 Alpha Phi; 1902, Chi Omega; 
1906, Delta Gamma; 1905, Alpha Epsilon Iota, Med. 

Cincinnati University. 

Cincinnati, O. 

City; Opened 1819; Women admitted 1874; Valuation 
$3,357^308; Endowment $95i»936; Faculty 150, Men 130, 
Women 20; Students 1242, Men 930, Women 312; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $350; Degrees, B. A., M. A., Ph. D. 
Motto— Alta Petit. 
Colors — Scarlet and Black. 

Sororities, 1892, Delta Delta Delta. 



Statistical Data 137 

University of Colorado. 

Boulder, Col. 

State; Opened 1877, Women admitted 1877; Valuation 
$600,000; Endowment None; Faculty 103, Men 99, Women 
4; Students 750, Men 450, Women 300; Tuition Free; Ex- 
penses $250; Degrees, B. A. 
Motto — -Let Your Light Shine. 
Colors — Silver and Gold. 

Sororities, 1885, Delta Gamma; 1885, Pi Beta Phi; 1901, 
Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1906, Chi Omega. 

Cornell University. 

Ithaca, N. Y. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1872; 
Valuation $4,733,359.70; Endowment $7,678,246.35; Facul- 
ty 465, Men 459, Women 6; Students 3841, Men 3316, Wo- 
men 525; Tuition $100; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., B, 
S., A. M., M. S., Ph. D., M. D., D. V. M., C. E., M. E., 
M. C. E., M. M. E., B. Arch., M. Arch. 
^Motto — None. 
Colors — Carnelian and White. 

Sororities, 1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1883, Kappa 
Kappa Gamma; 1885, Delta Gamma; 1889, iVlpha Phi; 1903* 
Alpha E silon Iota (Med.) 



138 Statistical Data 

Denver University. 

University Park, Colo. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1880; Women admitted 
1880; Women admitted 1880 Valuation $300,000; Fndow- 
ment 5^312,000; Faculty 177, Men 170, Women 7; Students 
1116, Men554, Women 562,; Tuition $30; Expenses $200; 
Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S. 
Motto — None. 
Colors — Red and Yellow. 

Sororities, 1885, Pi Beta Phi; 1897, Gamma Phi Beta. 

DePauw University. 

Greencastle, Ind. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1837, Women admitted 
1867; Valuation $410,000; Endowment $391,000; Faculty 31, 
Men 21, Women 10, Students 800, Men 391, Women 409; 
Tuition $45; Expenses $300; Degrees, Ph. B., A B., A. M. 
Motto — Decus lyUmenque Reipublicae Collegium. 
Color— Old Gold. 

Sororities, 1870, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1875, Kappa 
Kapp Gamma; 1885, Alpha Chi Omega; 1888, A.lpha Phi; 
1905, Mu Phi Epsilon, (Mus.) 



Statistic Ai. Data. 139 

Dickinson College. 

Carlisle, Pa. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1783; Women admitted 
1884; Valuation ^350,000; Endowment $450,000; Faculty 
32; Students 500, Men 440, Women 60; Tuition $6,25; 
Expenses $275; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., B, S., A. M. 
Motto — Pietate Et Doctrina Tuta Libertas. 
Colors— Red and White. 

Sororities, 1903, Pi Beta Phi. - nv Ov^'^ - ^ ^S^'l 

Florida State College. 

Tallahassee, Florida. 

State; Opened 1851; Women admitted 1888; Valuation 
$150,000; Endowment $60,000; Faculty 21, Men 12, Women 
9; Students 375, Men 160, Women 115; Tuition Free; 
Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., B. L., B. S., A. M,, M. L., 
M. S. 

Motto — None. 
Colors— Royal Purple and Old Gold. 

Sororities, 1904, Kappa Delta. 

Franklin College. 

Franklin, Ind. 
Baptist; Opened 1837; Women admitted 1869; Valuation 



140 Statistical Data 

$110,000; Endowment $312,584; Faculty 11, Men 7, Women 
4; Students 165, Men 91, Women 104, Tuition $42; 
Expenses $120; Degrees, A. B., B. S., Ph. B., M. B. 
Notto — Christianity and Culture. 
Colors— Navy Blue and Old Gold 
Sororities, 1888, Pi Beta Phi. 

George Washington University. • 

Washington, D. C. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1821; Women admitted 1884; 
Valuation $1,164,255.11; Endowment $284,329,67; Faculty 
166; Students 1450, Men 13 10, Women 140; Tuition $125; 
Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph 
D., C. E., E. E., M. E. 
Motto — None. 
Colors— Continental Butf^and Blue. 

Sororities, 1889, Pi. Beta Phi; 1903, Chi Omega; 1906, 
Sigma Kappa. 

Hillsdale College. 

Hillsdale, Mich. 

Free Baptist; Opened 1855; Women admitted 1855; 
Valuation $120,098.63; Endowment $251,983.42; Faculty 
20, Men 16, Women 4; Students 316, Men 151, Women 165; 



Statistic Ai, Data 141 

Tuition $23.50; Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., B. L., B. 

Pd. 

Motto — Virtus Tentamine Gaudet. 

Colors — Ultramarine Blue. 

Sororities, 1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1887, Pi Beta 
Phi. 

University of Illinois. 

Urbana, 111. 

State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1870; Valuation 
$3,000,000; Endowment $645,000; Faculty 396, Men ^^63, 
Women 33; Students 3782, Men 3094, Women 778; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., 
Ph. D., B. L, S., hh. B., M, D. 
Motto — Learning and Labor. 
Colors — Orange and Blue. 

Sororities, 1895, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1896, Pi Beta Phi; 
1899, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1899, Alpha Chi Omega; 1900, 
Chi Omega; 1905, Alpha Xi Delta; 1906, Sigma Kappa. 

Illinois Wesleyan University. 

Bloomington, 111. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1850; Women admitted 
1850; Valuation $117,000; Endowment $100,000; Faculty 



142 Statistical Data 

30, Men 22, Women 8; Students 1295, Men 750, Women 

5^5; Tuition $100; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S. 

A. M., Ph. D., LL. B., B. M. 

Motto — None. 

Colors — Green and White. 

Sororities, 1873, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1906, Sigma 
Kappa. 

University of Indiana. 

Bloomington, Ind. 

State; Opened 1824; Women admitted 1867; Valuation 
$600,000; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 72, Men 67, 
Women 5; Students 1538, Men 950, Women 588; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., A. M., Ph. D. 
Motto — Lux Et Veritas. 
Colors — Cream and Crimson. 

Sororities, 1870, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1872, Kappa 
Kappa Gamma; 1893, Pi Beta Phi; 1898, Delta Gamma. 

Iowa State Collese. 

Ames, la. 

State; Opened 1868; Women admitted 1868; Valuation 
$1,000,000; Endowment $683, 708.53; Faculty 112, Men 77, 



Statisticai. Data 143 

Women 35; Students 2138, Men 1912, Women 226; Tuition 

Free; Expenses $200; Degrees, B. S., B. C. E., B. M. E., 

B. D. S., D. V. M. 

Motto — Science with Practice. 

Colors — Cardinal and Gold. 

'Sororities, 1869, Pi Beta Phi. 

University of Iowa, 

Iowa City, la. 

State; Opened i860; Women admitted i860; Valuation 
$1,200,000; Endowment $285,000; Faculty 123, Men no. 
Women 13; Students 1562, Men 1091, Women 471; Tuition 
$20; Expenses $200; Degrees, B. A., B. Ph., B. S., M. A., 
M. S., Ph. D., LL. B., M. D., D, D. S., Ph. G. 
Motto — None. 
Color— Old Gold. 

Sororities, 188-^, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1882, Pi Beta 
Phi; 1887, Delta Gamma; 1904, Delta Delta Delta. 

Iowa Wesleyan University. 

Mt. Pleasant, la. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1844; Women admitted 
1844; Valuation $150,000; Endowment $60,000; Faculty 27, 



144 .Statistical Data 



Men 15, Women 12; Students 457, Men 234, Women 223; 

Tuition $45; Expenses f:2oo; Degrees, A. B., B. S., Ph. 

B. *-*^^ 

Motto — None. 

Colors — Blue and White. 

Sororities, 1868, Pi Beta Phi; 1902, Alpha Xi Delta. 

University of Kansas. 

Lawrence, Kans. 

State; Opened 1866; Women admitted 1866, Valuation 
$1,300,000; Endowment $150,000; Faculty 114, Men 99, 
Women 15; Students 1578, Men 1078, Women 500; Tuition 
$10; Expenses $260; Degrees, A. B., B. S., M. S., M. A , 
Ph. D., LL. D., C. E , E. E., M. E., Ph. G , M. B. 
Motto— None. 
Colors— Harvard Crimson and Yale Blue. 

Sororities, 1873, Pi Beta Phi; 1881, Kappa Alpha 
Theta; 1883, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1902, Chi Omega. 

University of Kentucky. 

Lexington, Ky. 

Christian; Opened 1766; Women admitted 1889; Valua- 
tion $452,000; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 66, Men 64, 
Women 2; Students 1190, Men 1105, Women 85; Tuition 



Statisticai. Data 145 

$30; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., Lly. D., 

M. D. 

Motto — In Luniine Illo Tradimus lyUmen. 

Color — Crimson. 

Sol 1903, Chi Omega. 

Knox College. 

^alesburg, 111. 

Nonsectarian; Opened. 1840; Women admitted 1845; 
Valuation $273,918.71; Endowment $300,000; Faculty 31, 
Men 18, Women 13; Students 607, Men 165, Women 442; 
Ignition $60; Expenses $230; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
M. S. 

Motto — None. \ 

Colors— Purple and Old Gold. ' 

Sororities, 1884, Pi Beta Phi; 7889, Delta Delta 
Delta. 

Leiand Stanford, Jr. iJmversity. 

Palo Alt<Cal. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1891; Women admitted 1891; 
Valuation $30,000,000; Endowment $25,000,000; Faculty 
136, Men 130, Women 6; Students 1600, Men iioo, Women 



146 Statist iCAi. Data 

500; Tuition $10; Expenses $300: Degrees, A. B., A. M., 
Ph. D., LL. B., M. E., E. E. 

Motto — None. 
Color — Cardinal . 

Sororities, 1891, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1892, Kappa 
Kappa Gamma; 1893, Pi Beta Phi; 1897, Delta Gamma; 
1899, Alpha Phi; 1905, Gamma Phi Beta. 

Lombard University. 

Galesburg, 111. 

Universalist; Opened 1851; Women admitted 185 1; 
Valuation $160,000; Endowment $200,000; Faculty 22, 
Men 15, Women 7; Students 181, Men 91, Women 90; 
Tuition $60; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
M. S., B. D. 
Motto — None. 
Colors — Gold and Olive. 

Sororities, 1873, Pi Beta Phi; 1892, Alpha Xi Delta. 

University of Maine. 

Orono, Me. 

State; Opened t868; Women admitted 1872; Valuatiou 
$339,000; Endowment $218,300; Eaculty 71, Men 66, Women 



Statisticai. Data. 147 

5; Students 635, Men 570, Women 65; Tuition $30; Ex- 
penses $250; Degrees, B. A., B. S., L,L,. B., Ph. C, M. A., 
M. S., LI.. M., C. E., M. E., E. E. 
Motto — None. 
Color— I,ight Blue. 

Sororities, 1902, Delta Sigma. 

University of Michigan. 

Ann Arbor, Mich. 

State; Opened 1841; Women admitted 1870; Valuation 
$2,851,378; Endowment $1,172,946; Faculty 250, Men 296, 
Women 9; Students 4192, Men 3505, Women 687; Tuition 
$20; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., A. M., M. S., D. S., 
Ph. D. 

Motto — Artes, Scientia, Veritas. 
Golors — Maize and Blue. 

Sororities, 1879, Kappa Alpha Theta, 1882, Gamma 
Phi Beta; 1885, Delta Gamma; 1888, Pi Beta Phi; 1890, 
Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1892, Alpha Phi; 1898, Alpha Chi 
Omega; 1906, Chi Omega. 1890, Alpha Epsilon Iota, 
(Med.) 1903, Sigma Alpha Iota; (Mus.) 1904, Mu Phi Epsilon, 
(Mus.) 

In addition to the national sororities there is a local 
society called Sorosis, established in 1886. It is non-secret, 
being a branch of New York Sorosis, which was founded in 
1868. Its aims and methods, however, are very similar to 



v-'V: 



148 Statisticai. Data 

those of its rivals. The total membership is 200, the average 
active membership 20, the average annual initiation 6: The 
badge is a monogram of an Old English S and a simple C 
jewelled. The pledge pin is an oval of rose gold bearing 
a C linked to the upper part of the S. The colors are yellow 
and white. 

University of Minnesota. 

Minneapolis, Minn. 

State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valuation 
$1,325,000; Endowment $1,400,000; Faculty 131, Men 209, 
Women 22; Students 3789, Men 2670, Women T119; Tui- 
tion $20; Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., M. A., Ph. D., 
LL. B., C. E., E. E., M. E., M. D., D. D. S., P. C, B. 
S., B. Ag., M. Ag., A. C. 
Motto — None. 
Colors — Maroon and Gold, 

Sororities, 1880, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1882, Delta 
Gamma; 1889, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1890, Alpha Phi; 1890, 
Pi Beta Phi; 1894, Delta Delta Delta; 1902, Gamma Phi 
Beta. 1901, Alpha Epsilon Iota(Med.) 

University of Mississippi. 

Oxford, Miss. 
State; Opened 184.8; Women admitted 1882; Valuation 



Statisticai. Data J49 

$1,450,000; Endowment 675,000; Faculty 31, Men 30 

Women i; Students 359, Men 289, Women 70; Tuition Free; 

Expenses $150; Degrees, B. A., B. S., M. A., M. D., hh. 

D., M. E., E. E., C. E., B. Pd. 

Motto — None. 

Colors — Red and Blue. 

Sororities, 1899, Chi Omega; 1904, Delta Delta Delta. 

University of Missouri, 

Columbia, Mo. 

State; Opened 1840; Women admitted 1869; Valuation 
$1,600,000; Endowment $1,240,000; Faculty 130, Men 121, 
Women 9; Students 2380, Men 1892, Women 488; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $225; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., Ph. D., 
EE. B., M. D. 
Motto — None. 
Colors— Old Gold and Black. 

Sororities, 1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1899, Pi Beta 
Phi. 

Mt. Umoh College. 

Alliance, O. 
Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1846; Women admitted 



150 Statistical Data 

1846; Valuation $290,000; Endowment $116,000; Faculty 27, 

Men 18, Women 9; Students 527, Men 253, Women 274; 

Tuition $45; Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., S. B., 

B. L., A. M., Ph. M., S. M., M. I.., B. C. S., M. C. S., 

B. Mus. 

Motto — Sit Lux. 

Color — Royal Purple. 

Sororities, 1882, Delta Gamma; 1902, Alpha Xi Delta. 

Uiuversity of Nashville. 

Nashville, Tenn. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1875; Women admitted 1875; 
Valuation $250,000; Endowment $70,000; Faculty 41, Men 
6, Women 35; Students 1031, Men 629, Women 404; Tuition 
$15; Expenses $250; Degrees, A, B., B. S., B. L., M. D. 
Motto — None. 
Colors — Garnet and Blue. 

Sororities, 1904, Sigma Sigma Sigma. 

University of Nebraska. 

lyincoln, Neb. 

State; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valuation 
$1,500,000; Endowment $450,000; Faculty 168, Men 154, 
Women 14; Students 2728, Men 1506, Women 1222; Tuition 



Statisticai. Data 151 

Free; Expenses $225; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., Ph. D., 

LL. B,, M. D. 
Motto— None. 
Colors — Scarlet and Cream 

Sororities, 1884, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1887, Kappa 
Alpha Theta; 1888, Delta Gamma; 1895, Delta Delta Delta; 
1895, Pi Beta Phi; 1903, Chi Omega; 1903, Alpha Omicron 
Pi; 1906, Alpha Phi. 

New York University. 

New York, N. Y. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1831; Women admitted 1886*; 
Valuation $3,200,000; Endowment $1,085,000; Faculty 220, 
Men 215, Women 5; Students 2594, Men 2204, Women 390; 
Tuition $100; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., B. S*, B, C. 
S,, M. A., M. S., Ph. D., Pd. M., Pd. D., LI,. B., LL. M., 
J. D., M. D., D. V, S., C. E. 

*The undergraduate college proper is not open to 
women. 

Motto — Perstare Et Praestare. 
Color— Violet. 

Sororities, 1900, Alpha Omicron Pi. 

Northwestern University. 

Evanston, 111. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1855; Women admitted 



\ 



152 Statisticai. Data 

1873; Valuation $3,565,928.18; Endowment $4j550j765j3S; 
Faculty 331, Men 303, Women 28; Students 3669, Men 
2325^ Women 1343; Tuition $80; Expenses $450; Degrees, 
A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S., Ph. D. 
Motto — Quaecumque Sunt Vera. 
Color — Royal Purple. 

Sororities — 1881, Alpha Phi; 1882, Delta Gamma; 1882, 
Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1888, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1888, 
Gamma Phi Beta; 1890, Alpha Chi Omega; 1894, Pi Beta 
Phi; 1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1901, Chi Omega; 1904, Sigma 
Alpha Iota (Mus.); 1893, Zeta Phi Eta, Oratory. 

Ohio State University. 

Columbus, O. 

State; Opened 1872; Women admitted 1872; Valuation 
$4,010,000; Endowment $695, 838.19; Faculty 160, Men 
145, Women 15; Students 2057, Men 1645, Women 412; 
Tuition Free; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., B . S,, A. M., 
Ph. D., C. E., M. E., E. M., LL. B., LL. M., D. V. M. 
Motto — None. 
Colors — Scarlet and Gray. 

Sororities, 1888; Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1892, Kappa 
Alpha Theta; 1894, Pi Beta Phi; 1896, Delta Delta Delta. 

Ohio University. 

Athens, O. 

State; Opened 1804; Women admitted 1870; Valuation 



Statistical Data i 53 

$800,000 Endowment 5^200,000; Faculty 46, Men 30, 
Women 16; Students 1047, ^^^ 53^^ Women 516; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $175; Degrees, A, B., Ph. B., B. S., P. D. B. 
Motto — Religio, Doctrina, Civilitas: Prae Omnibus Virtus. 
Colors — Olive Green and White. 
Sororities, 1889, Pi Beta Phi. 

University of Pennsylvania. 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1740; Women admitted 1876;* 
Valuation $8,049,373.78; Endowment $3,597,701.99 Faculty, 
325; Students 2975, Men 2694, Women 281; Tuition; $150 
Expenses $400; Degrees A. B., B. S., M. A., M. S., Ph. 
D ,C. E., M. E., LL. B., M. D., D. D. S., V. M. D. ^ 

*A11 undergraduate departments are not open to women. 
Motto— -lyiterae Sine Moribus Vanae. 
Colors— Crimson and Navy Blue. 

Sororities, 1890, Kappa Kappa Gamma, 1904, Delta 
Delta Delta. 

Richmond College. 

Richmond, Va; 
37 'Baptist; Opened 1832; Women admitted 1898; Valuation 



1 54 Statis'Ticai. Data 

$700,000; Endowment $375,000; Faculty 17; Students 55, 

Men 240, Women 15; Tuition $70; Expenses $275; Degrees, 

B. A., B. S., M. A., I.I.. B. 

Motto — None. 

Colors — Crimson and Navy Blue. 

Sororities, 1905, Zeta Tau Alpha. 

Simpson College^ 

Indianola, la. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1867; Women admitted 
1867; Valuation $123,000; Endowment $90,211; Faculty 42 
Men 25, Women 17; Students 914, Men 404, Women 510; 
Tuition ^41; Expenses $125; Degrees, A. B., B. S., Ph. B., 
B. Mus., A. M. 
Motto — None* 
Colors— Red and Old Gold. 

Sororities, 1874, Pi Beta Phi; 1889. Delta Delta Delta, 

University of South Dakota. 

Vermilion, S. D. 

State; Opened 1881; Women admitted 1881; Valuation 
$250,000; Endowment $130,000; Faculty 47, Men 30, 
Women 17; Students 458, Men 217, Women 241; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $200; Degrees, A, B., B. S., A, M., B. 



Statisticai, Data. 155 

Mus., IvL. B., Ivlv. M. 
Motto — Veritas. 
Color — Vermilion. 

Sororities, 1903, Alpha Xi Delta. 

Southwestern Baptist University, 

Jackson, Tenn. 

Baptist; Opened 1845; Women admitted 1890; Valua- 
tion $ioo;ooo; Endowment $100,000; Faculty 15, Men 8, 
Women 7; Students 227, Men 173, Women 54; Tuition $50; 
Expenses, $150; Degrees, A. B., B. S , A. M, 
Motto, None. 
Colors— Blue and Old Gold. 

Sororities, 1903, Chi Omega. 

Sout»hwest»ern University, 

Georgetown, Tex, 

Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1873; Women ad- 
mitted 1893; Valuation $300,000; Endowment $100,000; 
Faculty 13, Men 12, Women i; Students 185, Men 130, 
Women 55; Tuition $60; Expenses 150; Degrees, A, B., 
B. S., A. M. 
Motto — None. 
Colors — None. 

Sororities, 1906, Sigma Sigma Sigma; 1906, Zeta Tau 
Alpha. 



156 Sl^AWSTlCAI, DaI^A 

Stj. Lawrence University. 

Canton, N. Y. 

Universalist; Opened 1861; Women admitted 1861; 
Valuation $200,000; Endowment $490,000; Faculty 26, 
Men 25, Women i; Students 455, Men 352, Women 103; 
Tuition $50; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. A., B. S., B. D., 
LL. B. 

Motto— Fides Et Veritas. 
Colors — Scarlet and Brown. 

Sororities, 1891, Delta Delta Delta. 

Swarthmcre College. 

Swarthmore, Pa; 

Friends; Opened 1869; Women admitted 1869; Valu- 
ation $700,000; Endowment $915,000; Faculty 29, Men 
22, Women 7; Students 287, Men 134, Women 153; Tui- 
tion $150; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., B. S., M. S., 
C. E., M. E.,E. E. 
Motto — None. 
Color — Garnet. 

Sororities, 1891, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1892, Pi Beta 
Phi; 1893, Kappa Kappa Gamma. 



]i 



StatisticaIv Data ^57 

Syracuse University. 
Syracuse, N. Y. 

Methodist Episcopal; opened .87.; Wo™n admitted 

.S„; Valuation t^.S'S.S^-J:^'-''^: S^Sntf '.776, 
ultv 205, Men i95, Women 15. ^ -t^^T^enses 

I325; Degrees, A. B., P^- B- B. ^ B. An B^ ,^^^ ^ 
B. P., A. M., Va. D., M. D., LL- B., C. ii., iv 
Motto-Suas Cultores Scientia Coronat. 
Color— Orange. f-amma Phi Beta; 

Sororities, ,87:., Alpha PI;'' f ^^^^l^pha Theta; 
,883, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1889, Kappa ,90,. Delta 

,S9a. Delta °^'-°f^j'Sa,oTAlJl.' Gamma Delta; 
?;rirK^'^".?<^ tapL\Med.);.905. Mu Ph. 

Epsilon (Mus.) 

University of Tennessee. 

Knoxville, Tenn. 

state; opened .794; Women admitted .8,3; Valuation 
,6a9,96..8o; Endowment $4;5.ooo; ^^'^^J'^'J^^J;, 
Women 4; Students 730, Men 594; ^o"™ . M , M. S.. 

r^^,TE:c*:E:.Ts't"x:.".%i..M-.--. 

D. D. S. 



158 Statistical Data 

Mo. to — Veritatem Cognoscetis Et Veritas Vos Liberabit. 
ColciS— Orange and While. 

Sororities, 1900, Chi Omega; 1902, Alpha Omicron Pi; 
1904, Zeta Tau Alpha. 

University of Texas. 

Austin, Tex. 

State; Opened 1883; Women admitted 1883; Valua- 
tion $800,000; Endowment $2,000,000; Faculty 129, Men 
105, Women 15; Students i486. Men 993, Women 493; 
Tuition Free; Expenses $150; Degrees, B. A., M. A., C. 
E. LIv. B.. M, D. 
Motto— None. 
Colors — Orange and White. 

Sororities, 1902, Pi Beta Phi; 1902, Kappa Kappa 
Gamma; 1904, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1904, Chi Omega; 1906, 
Zeta Tau Alpha. 

Toronto University. 

Toronto, Can. 

Government; Opened 1843; Women admitted 1884; 
Valuation $3,500,000; Endowment $5,800,000; Faculty 223, 
Men 221, Women 2; Students 2333, Men 1792, Women 521, 
Tuition $52; Expenses $250; Degrees, B. A., M. A., Ph. 



Statisticaiv Data 159 

D., M. B., M. D., LL. B., LI.. M., C E., E. E., M. E. 

D. D. S., B. S. A. 

Motto — Velut Arbor Aevo. 

Color — Azuret Argent. 

Sororities, 1887, Kappa Alpha Theta. 

Tufts College. 

Tufts College, Mass. 

Universalist; Opened 1852; Women admitted 1893; 
Valuation $2,000,000; Endowment $1,200,000; Faculty 200, 
Men 198, Women 2; Students 1064, Men 928, Women 136, 
Tuition $125; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., 
M. S., Ph. D., B. D., M. D., D. M. D. 
Motto— Pax EtIyUx, 
Colors — Brown and Blue. 

Sororities, 1901, Delta Sigma. 

Vanderbilt University, 

Nashville, Tenn. 

Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1875; Women ad- 
mitted 1888; Valuation $700,000; Endowment $1,500,000; 
Faculty 100; Students 800, Men 770, Women 30; Tuition 
$100; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., A. M. 
Motto — None. 



i6o Statisticai, Data 

Colors — Gold and Black. 

Sororities, 1904, Kappa Alpha Tlieta. 

University of Vermont. 

Burlington, Vt. 

State; Opened 1804; Women admitted 1871; Valuation 
$1,038,500; Endowment $500,000; Faculty 38; Students 
354, Men 274, Women 80; Tuition $80; Expenses $300; 
Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., B. S., M. D. 
Motto— Studiis Et Rebus Honestis. 
Colors — Green and Gold. 

Sororities, 1881, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1893, Delta Del- 
ta Delta; 1898, Pi Beta Phi. 

University of Washington. 

Seattle, Wash. 

State; Opened 1861; Women admitted 1861; Valuation 
$1,000,000; Endowment $3,000,000; Faculty 66, Men 67,, 
Women 3; Students 1025, Men 639, Women 385; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., A. M., LE. B., M. 
E., B. C. E., B. M. E., B. Pharm, 
Motto — Eux Sit. 
Colors — Purple and Gold. 

Sororities, 1903, Delta Gamma; 1903, Gamma Phi Beta 
1905, Kappa Kappa Gamma. 



f 



S'TAMSKCAi, Data i6i 

Washington University. 

St. lyouis, Mo. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1859; Women admitted 1870; 
Valuation $1,892,816.45; Endowment $4)*559^497-48; Fac- 
ulty 169; Students 741, Men: 660, Women 81; Tuition 
$150; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S., M. A,, M.S., 
Ph. D., M. D., D. D. S., LI.. B., C. S., M. E,, E. E., Ch. 
E., B. Arch, 

Motto — Per Veritatem Vis. 
Colors — Myrtle and Maroon. 

Sororities, 1906, Kappa Alpha Theta. 

Wesleyan University. 

Middletown, Conn. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 1831, Women admitted 
1872; Valuation $1,004,009;; Endowment $1,479,868; Facul- 
ty 37, Men 36, Women i; Students 350, Men 310, Women 
30; Tuition $75; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., 
B. S., M. A., M.S. 
Motto — None, 
Colors — Cardinal and Black. 

Sororities, 1895, Delta Delta Delta; 1906, Alpha Gam.- 
ma Delta. 



i62 Statistical Data 

University oi WesL Virginia. 

Morgantown, W. Va. 

State; Opened 1867; Women admitted 1889; Valuation, 
$769,000; Endowment, $115,769; Faculty, 65, Men, 55, Wo- 
men 10; Students 913, Men 608, Women 304; Tuition $37.- 
50; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. S., EI/. B., M. E., 
C. E. 

Motto — To Faith Virtue and to Virtue Knowledge. 
Colors— Old Gold and Navy Blue. 

Sororities, 1905, Alpha Xi Delta; 1905, Chi Omega; 
1906, Kappa Kappa Gamma. 

University of Wisconsin. 

Madison, Wis. 

State; opened 1850; Women admitted 1867; Valuation 
$2,313,332.21; Endowment $700,000; Faculty 263, Men 250, 
Women 13; Students 2745, Men 1968, Women 777; Tuition 
Free; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., S. B., Ph. B., A. M., 
S. M., Ph. D. 
Motto — Numen Eumen. 
Color — Cardinal. 

Sororities, 1875, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1881, Delta 
Gamma; 1885, Gamma Phi Beta; 1890, Kappa Alpha Theta; 
1894, Pi Beta Phi; 1896, Alpha Phi; 1899, Delta Delta Del- 



Statisticai, Data 163 

ta; 1902, Chi Omega; 1903, Alpha Chi Omega; 1904, Alpha , 
Xi Delta; 1905, Alpha Gamma Delta. 

Wittenberg College. 

Springfield, O. 

Lutheran; Opened 1845; Women admitted 1874; Valu- 
ation $150,000; Endowment $350,000; Faculty 21, Men 19, 
Women 2; Students 366, Men 244, Women 122; Tuition 
$50; Expenses $200; Degrees, A. B., B. D., M. A. 
Motto— Having Light They Will Give To Others. 
Colors-— Cardinal and Cream. 

Sororities, 1904, Alpha Xi Delta. 

Wooster University. 

Wooster, O. 

Presbyterian; Opened 1870; Women admitted 1870; Val- 
uation $700,000; Endowment $250,000; Faculty 73, Men 56, 
Women 17; Students 834, Men 417, Women 417; Tuition 
$45; Expenses $150; Degrees, A. B., B. S., A. M., M. S, 
Motto — Ex Uno Fonte; 
Colors— Old Gold and Black. 

Sororities, 1875, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1875, Kappa 
Kappa Gamma, 



^64 S'TATISTICAL DaTA 

Independent Colleges for Women. 

Of the twelve independent colleges for women ranked 
as ''A" by the United States Commissioner of Education, 
two, The Woman's College of Baltimore and Randolph-Ma- 
con Woman's College, admit sororities, six, Elmira, Smith, 
Wellesley, Mills, Mt. Holyoke, and Rockford sanction local 
Greek letter societies and four, Vassar, Bryn Mawr, Wells 
and Trinity are opposed to the fraternity system in any 
form. It does not seem so remarkable a circumstance that 
Vassar and Wells, established before sororities had gained 
any headway or any standing, are opposed to their admission 
as that Elmira's first President and Wellesley's Founder 
made early provision for similar societies which are today 
an essential part of the life of these two colleges. The atti- 
tude of the Woman's College of Baltimore and Randolph - 
Macon Woman's College in admitting sororities is probably 
due to the fact that they were not opened until the women's 
fraternities had established themselves in the leading uni- 
versities of the country and had had opportunity to demon- 
strate their usefulness as a factor in college life. This idea 
is borne out by the fact that all the independent women's 
colleges started since 1885, with the exception of Bryn Mawr 
and Trinity, sanction sororities in some form or other. 
Whether the Woman's College of Baltimore and Randolph- 
Macon Woman's College, which are under Methodist con 
trol, were influenced by the experience of other Methodist 
colleges, DePauw, Syracuse, Boston, and Northwestern, 



Statistic Ai, Data. 165 

which have been known for years as strong fraternity cen- 
tres it is not the province of this article to say, but the fact is 
certainly noteworthy. 

Bryn Mawr. 

Bryn Mawr, Pa. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1885; Valuation $1,643,000; En- 
dowment $1,2000,000; Faculty 46, Men 30, Women 16; 
Students 441; Tuition $200; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., 
A. M.,Ph. D. 
Motto — Veritatem Dilexi. 
Colors — Yellow and White. 

Elmira Collese. 

Elmira, N. Y. 

Presbyterian; Opened 1855; Valuation $200,000; En- 
dowment $72,000; Faculty 18, Men 7, Women 11; Students 
229; Tuition $100; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. B., B. S,, 
A. M. 

Motto — None. 
Colors — Purple and Gold. 

As early as the year 1856 a literary society, known as 
Calisophia, was organized under the guidance of President 



1 66 Statistical Data 

Augustus W. Cowles, D. D. Union 1841, who for the period 
of thirty-five years administered the affairs of the college and 
who still holds an honored place on the faculty Calisophi 
remained the only society for ten years, but owing to differ- 
ences some of its members formed a new society, June 7, 
1866, to which was given the name of Philomathea. It was 
not long before the rivals took on all the characteristics of 
fraternity life and the change to Greek-Letter societies re- 
sulted quite naturally. Prior to 1903 membership was limit- 
ed only by the wish of the active members, but at that time 
the administration decided that neither should carry a 
chapter of more than twenty -five members. 

Kappa Sigma was founded in 1856 and has a total mem- 
bership of 688. The badge is a monogram of the two letters 
intertwined and is frequently set with emeralds and pearls. 
The colors are green and white, and the pennant is green 
with a white monogram like the badge. The open motto is 
''Per Aspera Ad Astra". The society has a handsomely 
furnished room in the college building. 

Phi Mu was founded June 7, 1866 and has about 600 
members. The badge is a monogram, usually set with 
rubies and pearls, the Phi superimposed upon the Mu. The 
pledge pin is a monogram stick pin of the same style but 
much smaller. The colors are red and gold, the flower the 
yellow chrysanthemum. The pennant is of red satin with 
Phi Mu in gold letters. The society has rooms with appro- 
priate fittings. 



Statistical Data. 167 

The Fraternity of Thespis was founded in Ootober, 
1 90 1, but is not a secret organization, its chief purpose being 
he production of dramatic performances based upon careful 
study and work. Members of Kappa Sigma and Phi Mu 
are on its roll. The badge is a skull and cross-bones of 
oxydized silver with emeralds in the eyes. The society has 
a room in the college building and a hall on the campus 
known as Thespis Hall in which is the club's theatre. 

Mills College. 

Mills College, Cal. 

Nonsectarian; Opened as a seminary 1871; Chartered as 
a college 1885; Present departments, grammar, very limited 
in numbers, seminary, making up the bulk of attendance 
and college; Valuation $400,000; Endowment $100,000; Fac- 
ulty 29, Men 5, Women 24; College Students 50; Tuition 
$150; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B., B. L,. 
Motto— For Christ and the World, 
Colors— White and Gold. 

Mu Sigma Sigma, founded October 14, 1897, was start- 
ed as a society that should include all college students who 
wished to join, but was changed in 1900 to a secret organi- 
zation. The total membership is 70. The badge is a gold 
Mu with the Sigmas superimposed upon it. The Sigmas 
may be jewelled, but only pearls or diamonds are used as 



1 68 STAT1STICA.L ^ATA. 

the society's colors are white and gold. The badge worn 
by pledged membeis is a monogram stick pin, a Pi superim- 
posed upon a Sigma. 

Delta Theta Delta was established in 1899 and was the 
first secret society at Mills The total membership is 60. 
The badge is an oblong of black enamel with the letters of 
the society's name in gold. The colors are green and 
black. 

Mo^nt Holyoke College. 

South Hadley, Mass. 

Nonsectarian; Opened as a seminary 1837; Chartered as 
a college 1888; Preparatory department dropped 1893; Valu- 
ation $869,961.19; Endowment $801,000; Faculty 82, Men 6, 
Women 76; Students 674; Tuition $125; Expenses $200; 
Degrees, A. B., A. M. 
Motto— Psalm CXLIV-XII. 
Color — Pale Blue. 

Sigma Theta Chi was founded in 1887. The total 
membership is 160, the average active membership 25. The 
badge is composed of the three Greek letters, either plain or 
jewelled, fastened to a gold bar three-quarters of an inch 
long, 

Xi Phi Delta was founded in 1891. The total member- 
ship is 125, the average active membership 25. The badge 



Statistical Data. 169 

is a diamond-shaped shield supporting another of black 
enamel surrounded by a twist of gold. The three letters are 
of gold and are placed in order along the short diagonal. 
The colors are purple and gold, the flower the pansy. 

Psi Omega was founded in 1897, The total membership 
is 100, the average active membership 25. The badge is a 
peculiarly shaped shield of gold, supporting another of black 
enamel surrounded by a fine gold beading. The second 
shield bears the Greek letters in gold, the Psi being placed 
above the Omega. 

Gamma Kappa was founded in 1898. The total mem- 
bership is 60, the average active membership 20. The 
badge is a gold monogram of the two Greek letters, the 
Gamma superimposed upon the Kappa and often jewelled 
with rubies. The color is red, the flower the red rose. 

Chi Delta Theta was founded in 1902. The total 
membership is 50, the average active membership 20. The 
badge is an equilateral triangle set with pearls and support- 
ing an inner triangle of black enamel with the gold letters of 
the society's name in the angles. The color is old gold, the 
flower the yellow rose. 

Randolph-Macon Woman's College. 

Lynchburg, Va. 
Methodist Episcopal South; Opened 1893; Valuation 



I70 Statistical Data 

$248,000; Eudowment $100,000; Faculty 31, Men 13, Women 

18; Students 343; Tuition $75; Expenses $250; Degrees, A. 

B., A. M. 

Motto — None. 

Colors — Lemon and Black. 

Sororities, 1900, Chi Omega; 1902, Zeta Tau Alpha; 
1903, Alpha Omicron Pi; 1903, Kappa Delta; 1904, Sigma 
Sigma Sigma; 1905, Delta Delta Delta. 

Rockford College. 

Rockford, 111. 

Nonsectarian; Opened as a seminary 1849; Chartered as 
a college 1892; Present departments, preparatory and col- 
lege; Valuation $190,000; Endowment $154,754; Faculty 22, 
Men 2, Women 20; Tuition $75; Expenses $275; Degrees, 
B. A., B. S. 

Motto — Decus Et Veritas. 
Colors — Purple and White. 

Kappa Theta was originally a literary society, called 
Castaly,but became a secret organization in September, 
1900. Its present name was adopted April 17, 1902. The 
total membership is 66, the average active membership 16. 
The badge is a gold shield with curiously fluted edges upon 
which is raised a wedge bearing the letters of the society's 
name in black enamel, the Kappa above the Theta. The 



Statistical Data. 171 



colors are scarlet and gray, the flower the scarlet carna- 
tion. 

Chi Theta Psi was founded February 24, 1902. The 
total membership is 92, the average active membership 
20, The badge is an oval of black enamel bearing the let- 
ters of the society's name and surrounded by a band of gold 
or pearls. The colors are black and gold, the flower the 
black pansy • 

Smith College* 

Northampton, Mass. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1875; Valuation $675^500; En- 
dowment $1,276,000; Faculty 93, Men 27, Women 66; Stu- 
dents 1213; Tuition $100; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., 
A. M. 

Motto — Knowledge in Virtue. 
Color— White. 

For a number of years there was only one Greek-letter 
society at Smith, but. later when the college grew large 
enough to support two and when it seemed that competition 
would add strength and inspiration to the one already form- 
ed, it was decided that five members should go out from the 
first and organize a second on similar lines. These five were 



172 Statistical Data. 

finally volunteers, as the matter was too delicate a one to 
put to vote. As a reward for their self-sacrifice they were 
permitted to retain their original membership, but they were 
the only students who ever belonged to both organizations. 
Although these two Greek-letter societies are not re- 
garded by either students or f acuity as secret sororities, the 
difference between them and the local secret societies at oth- 
er colleges is very slight. The large membership precludes 
any very close friendship such as the sororities seek to fos- 
ter, and for this reason they resemble the class societies in 
vogue at some of the men's colleges. The letters of the 
Greek names have a special significance for the initiated and 
neither meetings nor membership are open. Rushing, 
however, has been eliminated by a unique custom of allow- 
ing each society in tiirn first choice. One year one society 
has the privilege of making the first drawing, but the next 
year it goes to the other. If one society elects three mem- 
bers, the other takes the same number the following week, 
and so the drawings go on until the entire delegation is se- 
lected. Since it is just as much honor to belong to the one 
as to the other, no one ever refuses an offer from one in the 
hopes of receiving an invitation from the other. There are 
always sixty members in each at the close of the year and 
this number is invariably made up of twenty-five seniors, 
twenty juniors, and fifteen sophomores, though sophomores 
are not admitted until after the Christmas recess. The basis 
of membership is high -scholarship, speciar literary power or 



Statistical Data. 173 

marked executive ability. Meetings are held once in three 
weeks at the rooms that each society has in the Students' 
Building. They are usually of a literary character, follow- 
ed by a social gathering, but quite often a play is given. 
Once a year each has an open meeting when some interest- 
ing speaker delivers a lecture. 

The Alpha Society was founded three years after the 
college was opened. It aims to provide instruction and en- 
tertainment for its members. The badge is of Roman gold 
and is a facsimile of a primitive Greek Alpha. The club 
color is red. 

Phi Kappa Psi was founded in February, 1887. It aims 
to encourage a high grade of scholarship, especially along 
literary lines, and to bring into intimate relations those w^ho 
have congenial interests. The badge consists of three equi- 
lateral triangles of white enamel, each bearing one letter of 
the society's name in gold and all meeting at a common cen- 
tre under a single pearl. Each one of the three equal 
spaces between the triangles is filled with a gold fleur de 
lis. The club color fs gold, the flower the daffodil. 

Trinity College. 

Washington, D. C. 

Catholic; Opened 1900; Valuation $20,000; Endowment 
$100,000; Faculty 25, Men 8, Women 17; Students 85; Tui- 



174 Statistical Data, 

tion $ioo; Expenses $350; Degrees, A. B. 
Motto — None. 
Colors — None. 

Vassar College. 

Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1865; Valuation $2, 561,000; En- 
dowment $1,304,000; Faculty 91, Men 16, Women 75, Stu- 
dents 972; Tuition $100; Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., 
A. M. 

Motto — None. 
Colors — Rose and Gray, 

Wellesley College. 

Wellesley, Mass. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1875; Valuation $1,760,525; En- 
dowment $806,000; Faculty 96, Men 12, Women 84; Stu- 
dents 1096; Tuition $175; Expenses $300; Degrees, B. A., 
M. A. 

Motto — Non Ministrari Sed Ministrare. 
Color— Dark Blue. 

In November 1876, Mr Henry F. Durant, founder of 



S'TATis'TiCAi. Data. 175 

Wellesley College, suggested to representative students 
that two societies devoted to social and literary ends should 
be organized. In June 1881, these were disbanded because 
of faculty opposition, but were reorganized eight years 
later through the efforts of the charter members. There is 
a general impression among sorority women that Wellesley 
societies are not secret organizations, since they publish 
their formal programs in the college papers. It is true 
that only two, Phi Sigma and Zeta Alpha, were secret in 
the beginning, but since 1889 all claim that they are both 
secret and select, and emphasize the fact that they do not 
tell outsiders even their colors or their flower. 

In the early history of the societies freshmen were ad- 
mitted, but as years went on there was a marked tendency 
on the part of all to postpone the elections to membership. 
This conservatism culminated in an inter-society compact 
made in June 1904, to extend no invitations to new mem- 
bers before the first day of Christmas vacation of their soph- 
omore year. With the increasing attendance, it seems only 
a question of time when the societies will restrict their mem- 
bership to the junior and senior classes. 

The society houses at Wellesley are unlike the fraterni- 
ty houses of other colleges, which usually serve as homes 
for their members during the college course. They resem- 
ble the handsomely furnished club house of city and town 
and contain a hall for meetings, a library, a den, a kitchen 
and cloak rooms. 



iy6 STATisticAt Data. 

Phi Sigma was founded November 6, 1876 with sixteen 
charter members. Its aim is to give ''Additional literary 
training and social intercourse, to strengthen character, to 
uphold scholarship and to unite the interests of the under- 
graduates". The society was disbanded in 1881, but rees- 
tablished May 17, 1889. It is the only Wellesley societ}^ 
that placed a chapter elsewhere, the Beta chapter being lo- 
cated at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., from 
1 893- 1 903. The total membership of the Alpha Chapter is 
325, the average active membership 25. The badge is a 
shield of black enamel set with pearls and bearing the 
Greek letters of the society's name in gold. The society 
has a handsome house on the college grounds near Lake 
Waban. It was built in 1900 and is a model of an Italian 
villa. 

Zeta Alpha was founded November 6, 1876, discontin- 
ued in June 1881 and reestablished in the Fall of 1889. The 
society always has one open meeting during the year to 
show its guests something representative of its work. Its 
annual Colonial Ball has become quite a feature of the col- 
lege life. The total membership is 350, the average active 
membership 25. Its badge and that of Sigma Psi of the 
College for Women of Western Reserve University are iden- 
tide in size and shape, but the pin of Zeta Alpha is all of 
gold with a facsimile of an old Roman lamp across the cen- 
tre. In the upper angle is a star set with a turquoise and in 
the lower angles are the letters Zeta and Alpha in blue en- 



Statisticai. Data. 177 

amel. The society's house is a handsome colonial struc- 
ture with the grounds laid out to represent an old colonial 
garden. 

The Shakespeare Society was founded April, 1877. Its 
aim is '*The systematic study of Shakespeare as a means of 
development". It was at first an open club and many who 
belonged to Phi Sigma or Zeta Alpha were enrolled among 
its members, but when these two were reestablished in 1889 
as secret societies, it was put upon the same basis. The to- 
tal membership is 586, the average active membership 40. 
The badge is a gold mask with a silver quill through the 
left eye and above the mask the gold letters, W. S., a fac- 
simile of Shakespeare's autograph on his will. The socie- 
ty's house, erected in 1898 on Tree Day Green, is a copy of 
Shakespeare's birthplace at Stratford and is one of the pic- 
turesque sights of Wellesle3^ The annual play, presented 
out of doors in Rhododendron Hollow, is always one of the 
memorable occasions of the commencement season. 

Tau Zeta Epsilon was founded in 1889 as the '*Art 
Society". The name was changed in 1895, but the aim re- 
mained the same, viz. **To disseminate an artistic spirit 
and an appreciation of the beautiful in creative art and 
nature on the one hand, on the other to bring its members 
into closer fellowship with one another' ' . The total member- 
ship is 220, the average active membership 40. The badge 
is of gold and represents an ancient chariot wheel with a 
wing fastened to the axle. On the felloe are the initials of 



lyS STATISTICA.L DaTA- 

the society's name in violet enamel. The society house, 

containing a hall, fashioned after the old English style with 
plastered walls, heavy timbers, high wainscoting, fire place 
and balcony is one of the features of the Wellesley campus. 
The members give two unique affairs each year, the Studio 
Reception and the Fall Musical.- 

The Agora received its charter giving it a right to exist 
as one of the six societies of Wellesle\ in 1892. Up to that 
time it had been a political club founded by a few freshmen 
in the village who met to discuss political questions. Its 
aim is "To create in its members an intelligent interest in the 
political questions of the day". The total membership is 
150, the average active membership 40. The badge repre- 
sents the helmet of Athena and bears upon the crest the word 
Agora in Greek characters of Wellesley blue enamel. The 
society's house is beautifully situated near Lake Waban and 
is built somewhat after the style of a Greek temple. The 
Agora gives three prominent entertainments during the year, 
a Reception on Washington's Birthday, a Military Ball 
during the Spring and an Open Meeting at which the society 
shows to about 600 guests what its work is. 

Alpha Kappa Chi was founded May 14, 1892 as '*The 
Classical Society". Its aim was *'To further the interest in 
ancient Greek and Roman drama, literature and art and 
their influence on modern drama, literature and art". In 
1897 the name was changed and the society became a secret 
organization. The total membership is 150, the average 



Statistical Data. i79 

active membership 30, The badge is a scroll of black 
enamel bearing the letters Alpha Kappa Chi in gold. The 
societv house, erected recently and not yet finished, is 
modelled after a private Roman house and is lighted entirely 
from above. 

Wells College. 

Aurora, N. Y. 

Nodsectarian; Opened 1868; Valuation $183,500; En- 
dowment $225,000; Faculty 22, Men 4, Women 18; Students 
150; Tuition $150; Expenses $350; Degrees, B. A., M. A. 
Motto Habere EtDispertire. 
Color Cardinal. 

Woman's College of BalUmore. 

Baltimore, Md. 

Methodist Episcopal; Opened 2888; Valuation $775,000; 
Endowment $632,000; Faculty 24, Men 11, Women 13; Stu- 
dents 327; Degrees, A. B. 
Motto— None. 
Colors— Dark Blue and Old Gold. 

Sororities, 1891, Alpha Phi; T892, DeUa Gamma; 1893, 



I So Statistical Data. 

Gamma Phi Beta; 1896, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1897, Pi Beta 
Phi; 1899, Delta Delta Delta. 

In addition to these branches of the national organiza- 
tions there is a prominent local society called Tau Kappa Pi, 
which was organized in 1892 and has a total membership of 
150. The society has no desire to affiliate with any sorority 
and though it has a national charter it does not intend to 
establish other chapters. The badge is an arch bearing the 
letters of the society's name and a Sphinx head. The col- 
ors are old rose and white, the flower, the chrysanthemum. 

Affiliated Colleges. 

The word affiliated is used to designate such colleges 
for women as are under the supervision or tutelage of the 
administration of a college for men. The woman's college 
may, or may not, have an individual name, but in every 
case the separation is complete. 

Affiliated colleges are not numerous, but, few as they 
are, they show many marked differences in the methods em- 
ployed in furnishing the instruction to the women students. 
In the case of Radcliffe, opened in 1879 by a corporation 
under the name of *^The Society for the Collegiate 
Instruction of Women", but popularly known as '^Har\^ard 
Annex' ' until its incorporation as a college for women in 
1894, the instruction is given by members of the Harvard 
faculty. Thou gh most of its courses are identical with 



Statismcai. Data. i8i 

courses in Harvard and all are of the same grade as those 
given by the University, yet many listed in the different 
departments of the College of Arts and Sciences are not 
open to students at Radcliffe. Newcomb College was opened 
in 1886 and is affiliated with Tulane University, but it is 
located in a different section of New Orleans and has a 
faculty of its own. At Barnard, opened in 1889 and in- 
corporated as an undergraduate woman's college of Columbia, 
the courses are given by professors appointed by the trustees 
of the University. Barnard graduates receive their degrees 
from Columbia and may take up postgraduate work at the 
University under the same conditions as men. Brown 
University admitted women informally to certain privileges 
as early as 1892 and established the Woman's College as a 
regular department in 1897. Western Reserve University 
became coeducational in 1872, but made a change in policy 
in 1888. 

Radcliffe is the only affiliated college where no form of 
the Greek-Letter Society exists, but this is due to local con- 
ditions rather than to any definite policy of opposition on the 
part of the administration. In the case of the Woman's 
College of Western Reserve the authorities feel that the local 
societies are best for the women students, though fraternities 
are countenanced among the men. 

Barnard College. 
New York, N. Y. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1889; Valuation $1,726,700; F;n- 



1 82 Statistical Data, 

do wment $700,000; Paculty58, Men 43, Women 15; Student^ 
505; Tuition $150; Expenses $300; Degree, A. B. 
Motto — Tenax Et Impavidus. 
Colors— Pale Blue and White. 

Sororities, 1891, Kappa Kappa Gamma; 1897, Alphd 
Omicron Pi; 1898, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1901, Gamma Phi 
Beta; 1903, Alpha Phi; 1903, Delta Delta Delta; 1904, Pi 
Beta Phi; 1906, Chi Omega. 

Brown University. 

Providence, R. I. 

Baptist; Opened 1764; Women admitted 1892; Woman*s 
College created 1897; Valuation $2,125,000; Endowment 
$2,500,000; Faculty 46, Men 43, Women 3; Students 849, 
Men 649, Women 200; Tuition $105; Expenses $400; De- 
grees, A. B., Ph. B., A. M., Ph. D. 
Motto — Deo Speramus. 
Colors — Brown and White. 

Sororities, 1897, Kappa Alpha Theta; 1901, De 
Sigma. 

Newcomb College. 

New Orleans, La. 
Nonsectarian; Opened 1886; Valuation $600,000; 



Statistical Data. i8.^ 

dowment $400,000: Faculty 33, Men 9, Women 24; Stu- 
dents 439; Tuition $100; Expenses $225; Degiees, A. B. 
Motto — None. 
Colors — Light Blue and Bronze. 

Sororities, 1891, Pi Beta Phi; 1898, Mpha Omicron Pi; 
1900, Chi Omega; 1904, Kappa Kappa Gamma. 

RadcIifTe College. 

Cambridge, Mass. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1879; Valuation $716,000; En- 
dowment $400,000; Faculty 102, Men 102, Women o; Stu- 
dents 421; Tuition $200; Expenses $400; Degrees, A. B , A. 
M., Ph. D. 
Motto — Veritas, 
Colors— Crimson and White. 

Western Reserve University. 

Cleveland, O. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1826; Women admitted 1872; 
Woman's College created 1888; Valuation $1,452,615.43; 
Endowment $1,448,622.44; Faculty 46, Men 33, Women 13; 
Students 1 1 25, Men 856, Women 269; Tuition $85; Expenses 
$350; Degrees, A. B., A. M. 
Motto — None. 



184 Statistic/?ll Data. 

Colors — Gold and White. 

Delta Phi Upsilon was founded in 1893. The total 
membership is 57. Its founders intended that only students 
of Greek should be admitted, but this policy has been 
changed within the last few years The badge is of dark 
blue enamel, fancifully shaped, outlined with gold scroll 
work and bearing the Greek letters in gold. The pledge 
pin is a circle of gold with a bar across the centre. On the 
upper half of the circle are the words Delta Phi Upsilon 
engraved in Greek characters. The colors are dark blue 
and gold, the flower the pansy. 

Gamma Delta Tau was founded in 1896. The total 
membership is 51 . The badge is a shield with eight concave 
sides outlined with a row of pearls. An inner shield of black 
enamel with four concave sides bears the three Greek letters 
in gold. The colors are green and gold, the flower the 
daffodil. The pledge pin is of black enamel, identical in 
shape and size with the inner portion of the badge. 

Phi Kappa Zeta was founded in 1896. The total mem- 
bership is 70. The badge is a five pointed star set with 
pearls along the edges. An inner raised star of black enamel 
bears the gold letters Phi Kappa Zeta. The colors are black 
and gold, the flower the daffodil. 

Sigma Psi was founded in 1899. The total membership 
is 54. The badge is a shield with three concave sides, the 
edges outlined with pearls and the corners emphasized with 
emeralds. An inner raised portion of black enamel bears 



Statistical Data. 185 

the Greek letters of the society's name, the Sigma being 
placed above the Psi. The pledge pin is a monogram of the 
two letters, the Sigma being of gold and the Psi of green 
enamel. The colors are green and gold, the flower the 
daffodil. The flag is a pennant with gold letters on a green 
background. The open motto is * 'Ever faithful". 

Coordinate Colleges. 

The coordinate college is a hybrid in that it partakes of 
the nature of both the affiliated and the coeducational in- 
stitution, but always with an increasing tendency toward the 
characteristics of the affiliated college. The segregation 
policy inaugurated by the University of Chicago in 1902 has 
been copied by a number of colleges especially in the East 
and Middle West. All these institutions were coeducational 
for a longer or shorter period and made the change for a 
variety of reasons, one because of the increasing enrolment 
of women students, another because of the decreasing attend- 
ance of men students, a third to enable the women to enjoy a 
more distinct social life. At present separation in chapel 
exercises and in the required work of the college is as far as 
most of them have followed in the lead of Chicago. Strangely 
enough the authorities in charge of the women of this large 
university are opposed to the admission of branches of the 
national sororities, while the smaller colleges welcome them 
heartily. 



1 86 Statistical Data . 

Buckn^ell University. 

I^ewisburg, Pa. 

Baptist; Opened 1846; Women admitted 1880; Woman's 
College created 1905; Valuation $300,000; Endowment 
$700,000; Faculty 36, Men 35, Women i; Students 475, 
Men 356, Women 1 19; Tuition $50; Expenses $250; Degrees, 
A. B., Ph. B., B. S., A. M., M. S. 
Motto — None. 
Colors — Orange and Blue. 

Sororities, 1894, ^i Beta Phi; 1994, Delta Delta Delta. 

Chicago University. 

Chicago, 111. 

Baptist; Opened 1892; Women admitted 1892; Woman's 
Junior College created 1902; Valuation $9,000,000; Endow- 
ment $9,000,000; Faculty 373, Men 324, Women 49; 
Students 4580, Men 2319, Women 2261; Tuition 120; 
Expenses $300; Degrees, A. B., Ph. B., S. B., A. M., Ph. 
M., S. M., Ph. D., D. B., Ed. B., LL. D., J. D. 
Motto— M one. 
Color — -Maroon. 

The Esoteric was founded in December, 1893. The 
total membership is 51. The badge is a half-inch square of 



Statistical Data. 187 

gold, the entire space being covered with the word Esoteric 
in green and white enamel. The pledge pin is a square of 
green enamel displaying the letter E in white enamel. The 
colors are green and white, the flower the white rose. 

The Mortar Board was organized November 10, 1894. 
The total membership is 77* The badge is of dark blue 
enamel and is designed to represent a mortar board, the 
tassel being of gold. The pledge pin is a square with 
bevelled edges, bearing the letters M B in gold on a field of 
blue enamel. 

The Quadranglers was organized in January, 1895. 
The total membership is 71 . The badge is a square of black 
enamel with gold edges, the lowest angle pierced with the 
letterQ, which is set with ten pearls, the tail of the Q being 
of black enamel* The colors are black and white. 

The Wyvern was founded in October, 1898. The total 
membership is 35. The badge is a W set with either pearls 
or diamonds and entwined with a winged dragon or wyirern 
of gold. The pledged member wears a silver ring encircled 
by a dragon. The colors are gold and white, the flower the 
chrysanthemum. The flag shows a white dragon on a yellow 
<ield. 

Phi Beta Delta was founded in December, 1899. The 
total membership is 36. The badge is an open equilateral 
triangle of rose gold, through which and around which twines 
a winged dragon holding a sapphire in its mouth. The 
letters of the society's name appear in the angles of the 



1 88 Statisicai, Data. 

triangle and. like its edges, are raised. The pledge pin is 
an open triangle of dark blue enamel, three-eighths of an 
inch on a side. The colors are dark blue and gold, the 
flower the yellow chrysanthemum. The jewel is the 
sapphire. 

Colby CoUege. 

Waterville, Me. 

Baptist; Opened 1820; Women admitted 1871; Wo- 
man's Division created 1905; Valuation $275,000; Endow- 
ment $470,000; Faculty 17, Men 15, Women 2; Students 
240, Men 124, Women 116; Tuition $90; Expenses $160; 
Degrees, A. B., B. S. 
Motto lyUx Mentis Scientia. 
Colors Gray and Blue. 

Sororities, 1874, Sigma Kappa; 1906, Chi Omega. 

Middlebury College. 

Middlebury, Vt. 

Nonsectarian; Opened 1800; Women admitted 1883; 
Woman's College created 1903; Valuation $500,000; Endow- 
ment $400,000; Faculty 12, Men 12, Women o; Students 178 
Men 108, Women 70, Tuition $80; Expenses $250; Degrees, 
A. B,, A. M. 

Motto— Scientia Et Virtus. 
Colors— Blue and White. 

Sororities, 1893, Pi Beta Phi. 




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taking subscriptions, but is easier and more congenial. 

The price is only 50c. a year including a free pattern, 
and the cash commission to Club Raisers is greater than that 
paid by any other high-class magazine. 

There is still an opening for a few energetic women, 
and we shall be pleased to receive a postal card, or letter of 
inquiry, in regard to the terms. It will not cost you any- 
thing but a stamp to look into this matter, and it may be the 
means of aiding you most materially in your progress to- 
wards your life work. Drop us a line to-day before you for- 
get it. 

THE McCALL COMPANY 
236-246 West 37th Street New York City 



Syracuse, N. Y. 

OFFERS, beside the regular College Courses, Mechanical, 
Electrical and Civil Eflgineerin,cr, Architecture, Music, 
Painting, Law, Medicine, Sociology and Pedagogy. 

OVER FORTY of the leading universities of this country 
and Europe are represented on the faculty of the Col- 
lege of Liberal Arts. Tuition expenses are so moderate 
that they are less than the fees in some colleges where 
free tuition is given. Send for catalogue. 

t^be Boston TReoalta Compani^ 

CLASS AND COLLEGE PINS 

Prices from 50 cents to $2.50 Each 
and upwards 

f^ COLLEGE FLAGS AND PENNANTS, CLASS BANNEBS, 

RIBBON BANNERS 

FOR RKCKPTIONS, DANCKS, HORSK SHOWS, ETC. 

Gold and Silver Kmbroldery, 
Gold and Silver I^aces, Fringes, Spangles, Braids, &c. 

THE BOSTON REGALIA COMPANY 

387 Washington St. Opposite Franklin 

Boston, Mass. 








Notice. College women desiring good teaching positions 
in private schools, academies, seminaries, and high schools, 
are invited to consult with Kellogg's Agency, 31 Union 
Square, New York, vihere there is a constant demand for 
graduates, all the year 'round. This agency is recommend- 
ed for reliable work by Deans and Secretaries at Wellesley, 
Vassar, Teachers College, Smith (Prof. Seeley), Wesleyan, 
Conn., Wells, (Pres. Ward), Cornell (Prof. Bristol), and 
others. Thousands of fine positions have been filled by 
this Agency which has been established seventeen years, 
and continuously under the same manager. This is the 
most helpful Agency for the young teacher. Call or write. 
Mr. H. S. Kellogg, 31 Union Square, New York, is mana- 
ger. Send to-day for booklet and circulars. 

We Want tOO College Graduates 

To fill good positions as teachers of commercial subjects 
in both public and private schools. The demand for college 
graduates who have a business education greatly exceeds 
the supply; and salaries, as a rule, are higher than for other 
lines of teaching. 

The aggregate annual salary of the teachers we have 
placed within three years exceeds $200,000. Our name is a 
correct index of the range of our business. We have filled 
vacancies from Boston to San Francisco. We handle only 
vacancies for teachers of commercial and allied subjects. 

Printed matter free to those who mention **The Sorority 
Hand-Book'*. Get our circular showing salaries paid to 
commercial teachers in all New England High Schools. 

The National Commercial Teachers* Agency 

A Specialty by a Specialist 
E. E. Gaylord, Manager, Beverly, Massachusetts. 



INTERN AT!ON«L PL«G CO.^ 

25 Union Square, N. Y. City. 




Manufacturers of 

FLAGS, BANNERS, PILLOW COVERS. Etc. 



For Illustrated Catalogue, Address Dept. 
F, or Dealers whipse Goods Bear Our Narne. 



We rrjake a Specialty of appropriate Souvenirs 
to be Xo*8^''^onvBntio"ns- 



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